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This study provides a large-scale mapping of the French media space using digital methods to estimate political polarization and to study information circuits. We collect data about the production and circulation of online news stories in France over the course of one year, adopting a multi-layer perspective on the media ecosystem. We source our data from websites, Twitter and Facebook. We also identify a certain number of important structural features. A stochastic block model of the hyperlinks structure shows the systematic rejection of counter-informational press in a separate cluster which hardly receives any attention from the mainstream media. Counter-informational sub-spaces are also peripheral on the consumption side. We measure their respective audiences on Twitter and Facebook and do not observe a large discrepancy between both social networks, with counter-information space, far right and far left media gathering limited audiences. Finally, we also measure the ideological distribution of news stories using Twitter data, which also suggests that the French media landscape is quite balanced. We therefore conclude that the French media ecosystem does not suffer from the same level of polarization as the US media ecosystem. The comparison with the American situation also allows us to consolidate a result from studies on disinformation: the polarization of the journalistic space and the circulation of fake news are phenomena that only become more widespread when dominant and influential actors in the political or journalistic space spread topics and dubious content originally circulating in the fringe of the information space.

International audience ; The Yellow Vests' motto is "neither right wing nor left wing". Rather than "taking sides", they have chosen to dismiss entrenched political parties altogether, setting them back to back. Yet, when they emerged in France the public space was already informed by pre-existing structures and rife with tensions. Their actions are therefore necessarily situated, embedded in this space and imbued with some of its properties. This calls for an examination of the movement's role and the position of its digital expression on Facebook. How do online citation practices reveal not so much the movement's political colour, but the political space that informs it and which it in turn informs ? This article answers this question by introducing an original methodological framework that makes it possible to extend ideological embeddedness of Twitter users to posts published on Facebook. We first use a correspondence analysis to reduce the adjacency matrix that links French members of parliament to their Twitter followers. This first step allows us to identify two latent axes which are decisive in explaining the structure of the network. The first dimension distributes individuals according to their position on the left-to-right axis of the political space, and we interpret the second as a measure of distance to power. These two dimensions frame a space in which we then position hundreds of thousands of Twitter users along with URLs and media cited on the platform and, by extension, publications from almost 1,000 of the most active Facebook groups in the Yellow Vests movement. We finally quantify the evolution in these groups' publications within the latent ideological space, to provide both an interpretation and an answer to the question of the movement's political orientation. The dynamics observed support the interpretation of a movement that was initially fuelled by far right-wing resources but then quickly shifted to the left while maintaining an attitude of dissent. This portrait sketched through the ...

International audience ; The Yellow Vests' motto is "neither right wing nor left wing". Rather than "taking sides", they have chosen to dismiss entrenched political parties altogether, setting them back to back. Yet, when they emerged in France the public space was already informed by pre-existing structures and rife with tensions. Their actions are therefore necessarily situated, embedded in this space and imbued with some of its properties. This calls for an examination of the movement's role and the position of its digital expression on Facebook. How do online citation practices reveal not so much the movement's political colour, but the political space that informs it and which it in turn informs ? This article answers this question by introducing an original methodological framework that makes it possible to extend ideological embeddedness of Twitter users to posts published on Facebook. We first use a correspondence analysis to reduce the adjacency matrix that links French members of parliament to their Twitter followers. This first step allows us to identify two latent axes which are decisive in explaining the structure of the network. The first dimension distributes individuals according to their position on the left-to-right axis of the political space, and we interpret the second as a measure of distance to power. These two dimensions frame a space in which we then position hundreds of thousands of Twitter users along with URLs and media cited on the platform and, by extension, publications from almost 1,000 of the most active Facebook groups in the Yellow Vests movement. We finally quantify the evolution in these groups' publications within the latent ideological space, to provide both an interpretation and an answer to the question of the movement's political orientation. The dynamics observed support the interpretation of a movement that was initially fuelled by far right-wing resources but then quickly shifted to the left while maintaining an attitude of dissent. This portrait sketched through the ...

Ideological scaling methods have shown that behavioral traces in social platforms can be used to mine opinions at a massive scale. Current methods exploit one-dimensional left-right opinion scales, best suited for two-party socio-political systems and binary social divides such as those observed in the US. In this article, we introduce a new method to overcome limitations of existing methods by producing multidimensional network embeddings and align them with referential attitudinal for a few nodes. This allows us to infer a larger set of opinion dimensions from social graphs, embedding users in spaces where dimensions stand for indicators of several social dimensions including (in addition to left-right cleavages) attitudes towards elites, or ecology among many other issues. Our method does not rely on text data and is thus language-independent. We illustrate this approach approach on a Twitter follower network. Finally, we show how our method allows us to analyze the opinions shared within various communities of social networks. Our analyses show that communities of users that have extreme political opinions are also more homogeneous ideologically.

Ideological scaling methods have shown that behavioral traces in social platforms can be used to mine opinions at a massive scale. Current methods exploit one-dimensional left-right opinion scales, best suited for two-party socio-political systems and binary social divides such as those observed in the US. In this article, we introduce a new method to overcome limitations of existing methods by producing multidimensional network embeddings and align them with referential attitudinal for a few nodes. This allows us to infer a larger set of opinion dimensions from social graphs, embedding users in spaces where dimensions stand for indicators of several social dimensions including (in addition to left-right cleavages) attitudes towards elites, or ecology among many other issues. Our method does not rely on text data and is thus language-independent. We illustrate this approach approach on a Twitter follower network. Finally, we show how our method allows us to analyze the opinions shared within various communities of social networks. Our analyses show that communities of users that have extreme political opinions are also more homogeneous ideologically.

The Yellow Vests' motto is "neither right wing nor left wing". Rather than "taking sides", they have chosen to dismiss entrenched political parties altogether, setting them back to back. Yet, when they emerged in France the public space was already informed by pre-existing structures and rife with tensions. Their actions are therefore necessarily situated, embedded in this space and imbued with some of its properties. This calls for an examination of the movement's role and the position of its digital expression on Facebook. How do online citation practices reveal not so much the movement's political colour, but the political space that informs it and which it in turn informs ? This article answers this question by introducing an original methodological framework that makes it possible to extend ideological embeddedness of Twitter users to posts published on Facebook. We first use a correspondence analysis to reduce the adjacency matrix that links French members of parliament to their Twitter followers. This first step allows us to identify two latent axes which are decisive in explaining the structure of the network. The first dimension distributes individuals according to their position on the left-to-right axis of the political space, and we interpret the second as a measure of distance to power. These two dimensions frame a space in which we then position hundreds of thousands of Twitter users along with URLs and media cited on the platform and, by extension, publications from almost 1,000 of the most active Facebook groups in the Yellow Vests movement. We finally quantify the evolution in these groups' publications within the latent ideological space, to provide both an interpretation and an answer to the question of the movement's political orientation. The dynamics observed support the interpretation of a movement that was initially fuelled by far right-wing resources but then quickly shifted to the left while maintaining an attitude of dissent. This portrait sketched through the lens of the Yellow Vests' ...

International audience ; In this article, we propose to map an online social movement, and more precisely the Yellow Vests movement, through different online platforms (Facebook, Twitter and YouTube) to draw its atlas. Our objective is twofold: to describe the activity of the Yellow Vests in Facebook groups in all their variety on the one hand, and to defend a methodological approach which mixes as much as possible the traces collected from different digital platforms on the other hand. The Yellow Vests Facebook groups will constitute our privileged observation post of the movement. The examination of the content of posts published on Facebook, coupled with the analysis of the numerous metadata on groups allows us to delimit the contours of the movement's claim-space and its aggregation dynamics. Exploitation of the links shared in these publications, on the other hand, give relief to our atlas, as we use them attribute political labels to Facebook groups. The political label of links is calculated according to their usage on Twitter and ideology inference using the follower-followee network. The way the Yellow Vests refer to external sources on the web – whether websites or YouTube channels – also sheds light on their relationship with the media. We rely on an existing characterization of the most used media in the digital public space to grasp their relationship to mainstream, militant media (whether right or left) or to the counter-informational space. The analysis of these practices of media use shows that the Yellow Vests build their discourse by relying largely on media and the so-called "alternative" expression platforms (auto-media, videos, live, etc.) Overall, we note a great geographic and ideological plurality, but also a heterogeneous and constantly evolving repertoire of demands. However, a form of political opposition to power unites our groups which also cultivate a rejection of the modes of representation of the movement made by the traditional media. ; Dans cet article, nous proposons de ...

International audience ; In this article, we propose to map an online social movement, and more precisely the Yellow Vests movement, through different online platforms (Facebook, Twitter and YouTube) to draw its atlas. Our objective is twofold: to describe the activity of the Yellow Vests in Facebook groups in all their variety on the one hand, and to defend a methodological approach which mixes as much as possible the traces collected from different digital platforms on the other hand. The Yellow Vests Facebook groups will constitute our privileged observation post of the movement. The examination of the content of posts published on Facebook, coupled with the analysis of the numerous metadata on groups allows us to delimit the contours of the movement's claim-space and its aggregation dynamics. Exploitation of the links shared in these publications, on the other hand, give relief to our atlas, as we use them attribute political labels to Facebook groups. The political label of links is calculated according to their usage on Twitter and ideology inference using the follower-followee network. The way the Yellow Vests refer to external sources on the web – whether websites or YouTube channels – also sheds light on their relationship with the media. We rely on an existing characterization of the most used media in the digital public space to grasp their relationship to mainstream, militant media (whether right or left) or to the counter-informational space. The analysis of these practices of media use shows that the Yellow Vests build their discourse by relying largely on media and the so-called "alternative" expression platforms (auto-media, videos, live, etc.) Overall, we note a great geographic and ideological plurality, but also a heterogeneous and constantly evolving repertoire of demands. However, a form of political opposition to power unites our groups which also cultivate a rejection of the modes of representation of the movement made by the traditional media. ; Dans cet article, nous proposons de ...

International audience ; In this article, we propose to map an online social movement, and more precisely the Yellow Vests movement, through different online platforms (Facebook, Twitter and YouTube) to draw its atlas. Our objective is twofold: to describe the activity of the Yellow Vests in Facebook groups in all their variety on the one hand, and to defend a methodological approach which mixes as much as possible the traces collected from different digital platforms on the other hand. The Yellow Vests Facebook groups will constitute our privileged observation post of the movement. The examination of the content of posts published on Facebook, coupled with the analysis of the numerous metadata on groups allows us to delimit the contours of the movement's claim-space and its aggregation dynamics. Exploitation of the links shared in these publications, on the other hand, give relief to our atlas, as we use them attribute political labels to Facebook groups. The political label of links is calculated according to their usage on Twitter and ideology inference using the follower-followee network. The way the Yellow Vests refer to external sources on the web – whether websites or YouTube channels – also sheds light on their relationship with the media. We rely on an existing characterization of the most used media in the digital public space to grasp their relationship to mainstream, militant media (whether right or left) or to the counter-informational space. The analysis of these practices of media use shows that the Yellow Vests build their discourse by relying largely on media and the so-called "alternative" expression platforms (auto-media, videos, live, etc.) Overall, we note a great geographic and ideological plurality, but also a heterogeneous and constantly evolving repertoire of demands. However, a form of political opposition to power unites our groups which also cultivate a rejection of the modes of representation of the movement made by the traditional media. ; Dans cet article, nous proposons de ...

This second issue of the French Complex Systems Roadmap is the outcome of the Entretiens de Cargese 2008, an interdisciplinary brainstorming session organized over one week in 2008, jointly by RNSC, ISC-PIF and IXXI. It capitalizes on the first roadmap and gathers contributions of more than 70 scientists from major French institutions. The aim of this roadmap is to foster the coordination of the complex systems community on focused topics and questions, as well as to present contributions and challenges in the complex systems sciences and complexity science to the public, political and industrial spheres.