The author discusses some articles published in the journal "The Ecologist" (vol. 16, no. 2/3, 1986) on environmental degradation in Indonesia. The Indonesian government shows an awareness of environmental issues in policy and practice. Emergence of a variety of social organizations with broadly environmentalist goals. (DÜI-Sen)
Although the Indonesian Republic laid its claim to existence in August 1945, it was not until the middle of November that it began to engage seriously in diplomatic or military struggle with its principal challenger, the Dutch. The paper attempts to explain that perplexing delay in the effective start of the war of independence, a delay which has often given rise to allegations of lack of will and initiative on the part of the Republic's leaders. (DÜI-Sen)
Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Maps -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- Note on Romanization -- Introduction: Japan and the Transformation of National Identities in Asia in the Imperial Era -- 1 The Icon of Japan in Nationalist Revolutionary Discourse in India, 1890-1910 -- 2 Japanese Strategic and Political Involvement in Siberia and the Russian Far East, 1917-1922 -- 3 Japanese Expansion and Tibetan Independence -- 4 Mongol Nationalism and Japan -- 5 The Japanese 'Civilization Critics' and the National Identity of Their Asian Neighbours, 1918-1932: The Case of Yoshino Sakuzō -- 6 Assimilation Rejected: The Tong'a ilbo's Challenge to Japan's Colonial Policy in Korea -- 7 Evil Empire? Competing Constructions of Japanese Imperialism in Manchuria, 1928-1937 -- 8 The Japanese Threat and Stalin's Policies towards Outer Mongolia (1932-1939) -- 9 The Problem of Identity and the Japanese Engagement in North China -- 10 Vietnamese Nationalist Revolutionaries and the Japanese Occupation: The Case of the Dai Viet Parties (1936-1946) -- 11 Accord and Discord: Japanese Cultural Policy and Philippine National Identity during the Japanese Occupation (1942-1945) -- 12 Japanization in Indonesia Re-Examined: The Problem of Self-Sufficiency in Clothing -- 13 The Transformation of Taiwanese Attitudes toward Japan in the Post-colonial Period -- Afterword: Japanese Imperialism and the Politics of Loyalty -- Appendix: Postage Stamps and Japanese Imperialism -- Selected Bibliography -- Index.
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The locations of international borders reflect political aspirations as well as power politics and attempts to bring state boundaries in line with nations. The expulsion of Singapore from Malaysia and the exclusion of the Philippines from the United States indicate the power of narrowly defined borders to govern national identity. The concept 'nations-of-intent' allows us to explore counterfactual borders as a way of examining how political aspirations translate into national borders. The paper explores three Asian cases - Malaysia, Mongolia and Vietnam - and makes reference to Indonesia in considering how different senses of what was possible and desirable in the context of decolonization generated different ideas about where borders should lie. This approach also allows us to interrogate losing forces retrospectively about the policies they would have followed within different border configurations.
As empires are reorganized into national states people are inevitably stranded on the wrong side of new borders. Rogers Brubaker (Nationalism Reframed) has examined the case of national minorities separated from their larger, external "homelands" by national boundary-making, generating persistent problems between adjacent nation-states. Robert Cribb and Li Narangoa examine a different kind of case, in which the numerical preponderance is reversed, such that the national minority is larger than its external "homeland" population. The instances discussed in the paper are the Inner Mongolia region of China, containing many more Mongols than the Mongolian Republic of the former USSR; the Laos of Thailand, more numerous than those of Laos itself; and the Malays in Indonesia, more numerous than those of Malaysia. "Orphans of empire" of this kind follow a different path; they are not the source of endless conflicts between neighboring states, but tend to draw apart from one another on either side of the boundary. In this case boundaries seem to have their way, making transnational identities impossible to maintain in the long run and creating, thereby, new ethnic identities.
