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AbstractThis article presents the results of a study measuring possible overblocking due to copyright moderation and changes in the diversity of cultural products supply on YouTube in two European Union (EU) member states comparable in size and population, Germany and France. Both have adopted Article 17 of the EU Copyright in the Digital Single Market (CDSM) Directive (CDSMD) but Germany was 5 months ahead of France in changing its legislative regime for large social media platforms and copyright content moderation. The article assesses how content takedowns that were likely connected to copyright differed in these two countries and how this might have been influenced by the greater copyright moderation linked to the implementation of Article 17 of the CDSMD. Furthermore, the cultural supply diversity according to genre on YouTube was examined by applying Stirling's model of diversity and using a dual‐concept diversity index. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first attempt to measure predicted changes to overblocking and possible changes in cultural diversity on YouTube's infrastructure since the new copyright rules came into force in the EU. The findings show that during the period examined, 2019–2022, significant differences were identified between Germany and France in terms of the takedowns of videos from categories prone to copyright moderation. In addition, the content‐level supply of cultural products diversity, measured by genre (channel categories), number of videos, and subscribers, decreased in YouTube's available content in both countries but more so in Germany than in France. The study also makes a methodological contribution to the field of content moderation by reusing previously collected data to explore YouTube's infrastructure and cultural diversity within the framework of media economics. Platforms' content moderation practices and the potential impacts they have on cultural diversity are notoriously difficult to study, and this research establishes new methodological frameworks for further exploration.

This article analyses the political communication on Twitter of the Government of Spain at the height of the Covid-19 pandemic. The #estevirusloparamosunidos campaign on Twitter is monitored during the dates with the worst results in terms of fatalities (March 31th- April, 4th, 2020). The sample included in total 398 523 tweets in four data sets. Through the Social Network Analysis, the main actors and the main interactions between users are identified. The research shows a high coincidence between the typology of the Press Conference Spokespersons and the main actors on the analyzed hashtag, prioritizing the Spanish Administration and the Armed Forces. There was also a high relationship of the main opinion leaders with their "natural spectrum". We conclude that in this hashtag there was a "war-like" atmosphere. Via the computer-based text analysis we identify that the word 'government' was mentioned more than medical words and that there are present some military-like terms. ; Se analiza la comunicación política en Twitter del Gobierno de España en el pico de la pandemia de Covid-19. La campaña en Twitter #estevirusloparamosunidos fue monitorizada durante las fechas con los peores resultados en términos de fallecimientos (31 de marzo-4 de abril). La muestra incluye 398.523 tweets que se recogen en cuatro bases de datos. Mediante el análisis de redes sociales se identifican los principales actores y las interacciones entre los usuarios. Observamos una elevada coincidencia entre la tipología de portavoces de las ruedas de prensa institucionales y los principales actores del hashtag, dándose prioridad a la administración y a las fuerzas armadas españolas. Se observa también que los principales líderes de opinión se relacionaron con su esfera natural. Mediante el análisis computacional se concluye que en este hashtag se dio en un ambiente de guerra, que la palabra "gobierno" se mencionaba más que términos médicos, así como la presencia de términos militares.

Se analiza la comunicación política en Twitter del Gobierno de España en el pico de la pandemia de Covid-19. La campaña en Twitter #estevirusloparamosunidos fue monitorizada durante las fechas con los peores resultados en términos de fallecimientos (31 de marzo-4 de abril). La muestra incluye 398.523 tweets que se recogen en cuatro bases de datos. Mediante el análisis de redes sociales se identifican los principales actores y las interacciones entre los usuarios. Observamos una elevada coincidencia entre la tipología de portavoces de las ruedas de prensa institucionales y los principales actores del hashtag, dándose prioridad a la administración y a las fuerzas armadas españolas. Se observa también que los principales líderes de opinión se relacionaron con su esfera natural. Mediante el análisis computacional se concluye que en este hashtag se dio en un ambiente de guerra, que la palabra "gobierno" se mencionaba más que términos médicos, así como la presencia de términos militares. ; This article analyses the political communication on Twitter of the Government of Spain at the height of the Covid-19 pandemic. The #estevirusloparamosunidos campaign on Twitter is monitored during the dates with the worst results in terms of fatalities (March 31th- April, 4th, 2020). The sample included in total 398523 tweets in four data sets. Through the Social Network Analysis, the main actors and the main interactions between users are identified. The research shows a high coincidence between the typology of the Press Conference Spokespersons and the main actors on the analyzed hashtag, prioritizing the Spanish Administration and the Armed Forces. There was also a high relationship of the main opinion leaders with their "natural spectrum". We conclude that in this hashtag there was a "war-like" atmosphere.Via the computer-based text analysis we identify that the word 'government' was mentioned more than medical words and that there are present some military-like terms.

Covid-19 is highly relevant in 2020; among other things, it is attracting new global socio-communicative and linguistic research. Scholars are addressing the linguistic response to the social and psychological situation in different countries in the era of coronavirus. Thus, the Editorial Board has created a forum for specialists to communicate (in writing), one which makes it possible to provide information about their sources on Covid-19 and illustrate theoretical materials. The participants chose to analyse different aspects of language during the pandemic; medical terminology and its relevant vocabulary were the same for all countries. The conversation goes beyond the scope of linguistics, as it is important for the researchers to characterise measures taken by governments to combat Covid-19 and the public's reaction to them as reflected through language. Additionally, the authors focus on spontaneous linguistic responses to the pandemic in the form of language games, metaphors, and references to historical memory of combatting disasters. The pandemic has also caused long-standing forms of speech communication to change. Researchers from different European countries have taken part: Arto Mustajoki (University of Helsinki, Finland; National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia), Nadezjda Zorikhina Nilsson (Stockholm University, Sweden), Rafael Guzmán Tirado (University of Granada, Spain), Anna Tous-Rovirosa and Daria Dergacheva (Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain). The conversation was moderated by Irina Vepreva and Tatiana Itskovich (Ural Federal University Yekaterinburg, Russia). ; Тема Covid‑19, актуальная для этого года, обретает новые грани как исследовательская проблема мирового масштаба в социокоммуникативном и лингвистическом аспектах. Исследователи обращаются к проблеме языкового реагирования на социально-психологическую обстановку, сложившуюся в разных странах в эпоху коронавируса. Объективные обстоятельства современного общения заставляют научное сообщество искать новый формат обсуждения насущных проблем. Предложенная редколлегией журнала форма письменного диалога позволяет как привести информацию об источниках высказываний о коронавирусе, так и подкрепить теоретические положения ссылками на научные изыскания. Участники дискуссии выбрали различные аспекты анализа языкового существования в период пандемии. В поле наблюдений были включены вопросы, связанные с лексиконом дискурса пандемии, который носит глобальный характер: медицинская терминология и актуальная лексика оказались общими для всех стран. Разговор выходит за рамки лингвистического обзора, поскольку важно было охарактеризовать действия правительства по борьбе с коронавирусом и общественную реакцию на эти действия, отраженную в языковых явлениях. В стороне не осталось обсуждение стихийно складывающейся языковой реакции на пандемию, выраженной в фактах языковой игры и метафорики, а также обращения к исторической памяти народа о противостоянии бедствиям. Пандемия оказала влияние и на устоявшиеся формы речевой коммуникации. В обсуждении приняли участие исследователи из разных стран Европы: Арто Мустайоки (А. М.; Хельсинкский университет, Финляндия; Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики», Москва, Россия), Надежда Зорихина-Нильссон (Н. З.-Н.; Стокгольмский университет, Швеция), Рафаэль Гусман Тирадо (Р. Г.-Т.; Гранадский университет, Испания), Анна Тоус-Ровироса, Дарья Дергачева (А. Т.-Р., Д. Д.; Свободный университет Барселоны, Испания). Модераторами обсуждения стали Ирина Вепрева и Татьяна Ицкович (И. В., Т. И.; Уральский федеральный университет, Екатеринбург, Россия). ; Artikelns språk är ryska och engelska. Engelsk titel: Covid-19 : A Disaster in the Linguistic Dimension of Different Countries Transkriberad titel: Covid-19 : katastrofa v jazykovom izmerenii raznych stran

AbstractThis Opinion describes and summarises the results of the interdisciplinary research carried out by the authors during the course of a three-year project on intermediaries' practices regarding copyright content moderation. This research includes the mapping of the EU legal framework and intermediaries' practices regarding copyright content moderation, the evaluation and measuring of the impact of moderation practices and technologies on access and diversity, and a set of policy recommendations. Our recommendations touch on the following topics: the definition of "online content-sharing service provider"; the recognition and operationalisation of user rights; the complementary nature of complaint and redress safeguards; the scope of permissible preventive filtering; the clarification of the relationship between Art. 17 of the new Copyright Directive and the Digital Services Act; monetisation and restrictive content moderation actions; recommender systems and copyright content moderation; transparency and data access for researchers; trade secret protection and transparency of content moderation systems; the relationship between the copyright acquis, the Digital Services Act and the upcoming Artificial Intelligence Act; and human competences in copyright content moderation.