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Assuming that a legislator representing a moderate constituency (with respect to a variety of interests) may be expected to vote moderately in general, the authors suggest a measure of the 'moderateness' of a legislator's voting behavior and use it to determine whether a relationship exists between PAC contributions and the degree of moderateness. The results suggest that PACs exhibit a tendency to give more, at the margin, to legislators with moderate voting records.

Assuming that a legislator representing a moderate constituency (with respect to a variety of interests) may be expected to vote moderately in general, the authors suggest a measure of the "moderateness" of a legislator's voting behavior & use it to determine whether a relationship exists between PAC contributions & the degree of moderateness. The results suggest that PACs exhibit a tendency to give more, at the margin, to legislators with moderate voting records. 2 Tables, 29 References. Adapted from the source document.

In this article we identify incrementalism in budgetary processes with regularity in the annual change in the appropriation, and non-incrementalism with irregularity in the annual appropriation change. This definition focusses interest on structural changes in the underlying budget processes. These changes may be isolated using a combination of statistical and more conventional techniques. Other meanings of incremental, we argue, are appropriate to different objectives in studying budgeting. We attempt to clarify the confusion surrounding the meaning of incremental and to answer some of the critics of our previous work.

1 The optimization problem -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Problem definition -- 1.3 Optimization in one dimension -- 1.4 Optimization in n dimensions -- 2 Single variable optimization -- 2.1 Review of methods -- 2.2 The Fibonacci search -- 2.3 The Golden Section search -- 2.4 The Algorithm of Davies, Swann, and Campey -- 3 Multi-variable optimization -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Search methods -- 3.3 Gradient methods -- 4 Advanced methods -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 General considerations -- 4.3 Advanced search methods -- 4.4 Advanced gradient methods -- 4.5 Minimax methods -- 5 Constrained optimization -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 The Kuhn-Tucker conditions -- 5.3 Constrained optimization techniques -- 5.4 Direct search methods with constraints -- 5.5 Small step gradient methods -- 5.6 Sequential unconstrained methods -- 5.7 Large step gradient methods -- 5.8 Lagrangian methods -- 5.9 General considerations -- 5.10 Conclusion -- References -- Further reading.

This article examines victim representation in former atrocity sites in Cambodia. It concentrates on Tuol Sleng and Choeung Ek, two prominent sites for the detention and torture of suspected enemies of the Khmer Rouge (KR) regime and the subsequent creation of mass graves. These sites of trauma, memory, and transitional justice are inextricably linked to the experiences of victims. Yet, the voice of victims, their visibility, and authentic representations of the past are not always centred in Cambodia's atrocity sites. Drawing on empirical fieldwork in Cambodia and an interdisciplinary literature, this article interrogates the intersections between selectivity, visibility, and authenticity in sites of atrocity associated with the Cambodian genocide. As this paper demonstrates, engaging with these themes of selectivity, visibility, and authenticity, and by extension issues of, for example, "who" is recognized as a victim, "how" responsibility for past horrors is represented, "which" sites become tourist facing attractions, and "why" certain narratives of the past are prioritized, is essential to recognizing the rights, humanity, and dignity of victims and survivors.

Despite significant investment to increase recycling facilities and kerbside collection of waste materials, plastic packaging is frequently discarded as litter, resulting in significant environmental harm. This research uses qualitative methods to explore the contextual and psychological factors that influence plastic waste disposal behaviour from the perspectives of consumers. This research also reports key results from a brief online survey exploring consumer perspectives toward plastics and plastic recycling. A total of N = 18 adults living in Northern Ireland (NI) participated in a semi-structured interview and N = 756 adults living in NI took part in an online survey. Interview data was analysed via a semi-directed content analysis approach, using the COM-B behaviour change model as a guiding framework. Survey data underwent descriptive and frequency analysis. Collectively, the findings suggest that environmental concern exists among consumers generally, but there is a degree of ambivalence toward recycling that reflects a gap between intentions to recycle and actual recycling behaviour. Plastic recycling behaviour is hindered by three common barriers: 1. confusion and uncertainty about which plastic materials can be recycled (exacerbated by the abundance of plastic products available) 2. perceiving plastic recycling to be less of a personal priority in daily life 3. perceiving that local government and manufacturers have a responsibility to make plastic recycling easier. As recycling is simply not a priority for many individuals, efforts should instead be placed on providing greater scaffolding to make the process of recycling less tedious, confusing, and more habitual. Visual cues on product packing and recycling resources can address ambiguity about which plastic materials can/cannot be recycled and increasing opportunities to recycle (via consistent availability of recycling bins) can reduce the physical burden of accessing recycling resources. Such interventions, based on environmental restructuring and enablement, may increase motivations to recycle by reducing the cognitive and physical burden of recycling, supporting healthier recycling habits.