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The question of change in religion in Middle Eastern communities has been recently studied by several researchers. A review of these studies reveals three main approaches to the problem. The first approach, used principally by orientalists, treats the problem in terms of either history or theology. Among the most significant of these studies are those of H. A. R. Gibb (1938) and Bernard Lewis (1964), who hold that contact between the secular world of the West and the Muslim sacred way of life has brought elements of secularism into the Islamic religion.

Intro -- Cover -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- List of Tables -- List of Abbreviations -- Notes on the Contributors -- 1 Introduction: Democracy and Development in Asia in the 21[sup(st)] Century: In Search of Popular Democratic Alternatives -- 2 Democratization and Education in China -- 3 Education as an Instrument of Democratization and Governance -- 4 The Debris of Post-Authoritarianism in Indonesia -- 5 Going Beyond the Mainstream Discourse: Democratic Consolidation and Market Reforms in Bangladesh -- 6 Engendering Globalization: Perspectives on Challenges and Responses -- 7 Women, Development and Empowerment in Vietnam -- 8 Environmental Degradation and Social Justice: Implications for Democracy in Asia -- 9 Democracy, Ecology and Ecocide in Asia: Some Critical Reflections -- 10 Formal Democracy and Its Alternatives in the Philippines: Parties, Elections and Social Movements -- Index.

In this current world, the Rohingya Muslims of Myanmar are deemed to be one of the most inhumanly tortured minorities. The culture of racial persecution is indulged by the decades of a clash between the Myanmar Government and the Rohingyas regarding religious and ethnic variance. However, it is also argued that the Rohingya crisis is not confined to religion but comprises economic and political issues equally. Rohingyas have been deprived of their basic human rights and faced a security crisis. Mass killing, rape, and inhuman torture are notable in this regard. Methodical abuse of human rights of the Rohingya by the military junta of Myanmar has forced thousands of Rohingya to flee the country. Consequently, thousands of Rohingyas now reside as refugees, mostly in Bangladesh, while others escaped to Malaysia, Singapore, and the Middle East. The Government of Myanmar has denied the citizenship of Rohingyas and labeled them as foreigners. This paper highlights the measures adopted by the global community for preventing the mass killing of Rohingyas. This research also portrays the means and methods of the Myanmar Government to suppress the Rohingyas. Furthermore, this paper looks into all sorts of violations of human rights and humanitarian disasters suffered by the Rohingyas and the subsequent humanitarian aid received from the regional and international community.

Social media platforms such as Twitter have been used by political leaders, heads of states, political parties, and their supporters to strategically influence public opinions. Leaders can post about a location, a state, a country, or even a region in their social media accounts, and the posts can immediately be viewed and reacted to by millions of their followers. The effect of social media posts by political leaders could be automatically measured by extracting, analyzing, and producing real-time geospatial intelligence for social scientists and researchers. This paper proposed a novel approach in automatically processing real-time social media messages of political leaders with artificial intelligence (AI)-based language detection, translation, sentiment analysis, and named entity recognition (NER). This method automatically generates geospatial and location intelligence on both ESRI ArcGIS Maps and Microsoft Bing Maps. The proposed system was deployed from 1 January 2020 to 6 February 2022 to analyze 1.5 million tweets. During this 25-month period, 95K locations were successfully identified and mapped using data of 271,885 Twitter handles. With an overall 90% precision, recall, and F1score, along with 97% accuracy, the proposed system reports the most accurate system to produce geospatial intelligence directly from live Twitter feeds of political leaders with AI.