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"Im Laufe seines nunmehr zehnjährigen Bestehens hat der Ostseerat bei der Bewältigung der politischen und ökonomischen Transformationsfolgen im Ostseeraum eine maßgebliche Rolle übernommen. Erstens ist das Gremium Ausdruck einer nicht nur symbolischen Politik, welche die Zugehörigkeit der baltischen Staaten und Russlands zum 'neuen Europa' erkennbar werden ließ. Zweitens entwickelte sich der Ostseerat zum regionalen Forum für intergouvernementale und multilaterale Zusammenarbeit zur Bearbeitung von Risiken im Bereich nichtmilitärischer Sicherheit. Drittens stellt er - angesichts der EU-Mitgliedschaft bzw. der Beitrittswünsche der meisten im Ostseerat vertretenen Staaten - ein Instrument zur Ausweitung europäischer Normen in die Peripherie einer erweiterten Union dar." (Autorenreferat)

1. Introduction Benjamin Leruth, Stefan Gänzle and Jarle TrondalPart 1: Conceptualising differentiation IntroductionJarle Trondal, Benjamin Leruth and Stefan Gänzle2. Studying differentiated integration: Methods & DataMarian Burk and Dirk Leuffen3. On the legitimacy of differentiated integrationErik Oddvar Eriksen4. Differentiated (dis)integration beyond Europe: A Comparative Regionalism ApproachStefan Gänzle and Jens Uwe Wunderlich5. De facto Differentiation in the European Union: Circumventing Rules, Law, and Rule of LawTobias C. Hofelich6. Constitutive differentiationJohn Erik Fossum7. EU External Differentiated Integration and Compliance: Theoretical and Legal AspectsAnne Pintsch and Marina Rabinovich8. From Integration to Fragmegration: Political symbols and the emergence of differentiated European identitiesRussell Foster9. Differentiation and segmentationJosef Batora and John Erik FossumPart 2: Institutionally-based differentiation IntroductionJarle Trondal, Stefan Gänzle and Benjamin Leruth10. An ever more fragmented Union? On the emerging relevance of differentiated integration for governance structures within the EUAlexander Schilin11. Promise Unfulfilled? Managing Differentiated Integration in EU Secondary Law Through Enhanced CooperationDaniela Kroll12. Differentiation in the European Parliament: United about diversity?Guri Rosén13. Differentiation and the European Central Bank: A bulwark against (differentiated) disintegration?Daniel Schulz and Amy Verdun14. Differentiation and the European CommissionDiane Fromage and Cristina Fasone15. Differentiation and the European Court of JusticeSabine Saurugger and Fabien Terpan16. Third country participation in EU agencies: Towards "condominio"?Sandra Lavenex17. The Council of the European Union: Organizational and Social Dynamics of DifferentiationJeff LewisPart 3: Policy-based differentiationIntroductionStefan Gänzle, Benjamin Leruth and Jarle Trondal18. Differentiated integration in EU energy market policyTorbjørg Jevnaker19. Brexit and the Common Fisheries Policy: Opportunities for multi-level differentiated (dis)integration?Arno van der Zwet, John Connolly, Christopher Huggins and Craig McAngus20. Brexit and the Common Fisheries Policy: Opportunities for multi-level differentiated (dis)integration?Foteini Asderaki and Eleftheria Markozani21. Differentiated integration in EU climate policyElin Lerum Boasson, Merethe Dotterud Leiren and Jørgen Wettestad22. Differentiated integration in European External ActionThomas Henökl23. PESCO: A formula for positive integration in European defenceSteven Blockmans and Dylan Macchiarini Crosson24. The Increasingly Differentiated European Single Market?David Howarth25. Differentiation and social policy: A sustainable way forward?Benjamin Leruth and Sven Schreurs26. Differentiation in EU Security and Defense PolicyStephan Klose, Elie PerotPart 4: Territorial differentiationIntroductionBenjamin Leruth, Stefan Gänzle and Jarle Trondal27. The Nordic countries as pioneers of differentiationBenjamin Leruth and Jarle Trondal28. Risky Advantageous Differentiation: Iceland and the EEABaldur Thorhallsson29. The Swiss and Liechtenstein relations with the EU - an ongoing institutional challengeChristian Frommelt30. Turkey's external differentiated integration with the EU in the field of migration governance: the case of border managementEbru Turhan and Ayselin Yildiz31. Visegrad Four and EU Differentiated Integration: Activities, Perception and Self-Perception after the Refugee CrisisPetr Kaniok, Vratislav Havlík and Veronika Zapletalová32. Poland as the (new) awkward partner: Differentiated integration or differentiated disintegration?Agnieszka Cianciara33. Trajectories of Differentiated EU Integration for the Western BalkansMarko Milenkovic34. European Neighbourhood Policy: Differentiated integration beyond the EU's Eastern and Southern BordersZuzana Reptova35. Differentiation at the local level: An overview of sub-national authority networks in the EUPier-Domenico Tortola and Stefan CouperusPart 5: BrexitIntroductionStefan Gänzle, Jarle Trondal and Benjamin Leruth36. Brexit as a phenomenon: national solidarity as a tool against the European project? Mikko Kuisma and Matthew Donoghue37. (Post-)Brexit: Negotiating Differentiated DisintegrationFrank Schimmelfennig38. International perceptions of BrexitJohanna Speyer, Natalia Chaban and Arne Niemann39. Differentiation and Power Asymmetry: How Brexit is Changing UK Relations with Czechia and SlovakiaMonika Brusenbauch Meislová and Andrew Glencross40. Brexit and Northern IrelandDavid Phinnemore41. Border Conflicts and Territorial Differentiation after Brexit: The cases of Northern Ireland, Gibraltar and the UK Sovereign Base Areas in CyprusNikos Skoutaris42. Growing Apart Together? Brexit and the Dynamics of Differentiated Disintegration in Security and DefenseBenjamin Martill and Monika Sus43. Conclusion Benjamin Leruth, Stefan Gänzle and Jarle TrondalEpilogue: Polycrisis and Resilience in the European Union: Covid-19 and avenues for future studiesMarianne Riddervold, Akasemi Newsome and Jarle Trondal

This introductory chapter sets out with a review of the existing literature on differentiation in the European Union (EU); it explains the related concepts and includes a cursory glossary of them at the end. In a nutshell, we conceive of differentiation as an umbrella term covering a wide range of both integrationist and – albeit to a much lesser extent – disintegrationist techniques and processes such as multi-speed Europe, variable geometry, and à la carte Europe. While differentiation has not been a constituent feature in the early stages of the European project starting after World War II, it became ever more central since the 1970s and, in particular, in the aftermath of the Treaty of Maastricht when the EU was characterized as a system of differentiated integration rather than integration only. In light of 'Brexit', i.e. the United Kingdom's withdrawing from the EU, however, differentiation also accounts for processes of disintegration. Most importantly, differentiation may ultimately also prove to be an important element towards sustaining – if not self-reinforcing – integration. Finally, this chapter also provides overview of contemporary studies of differentiation in the EU and provides an overview of the contents and contributions of this Handbook.

The Routledge Handbook of Differentiation in the European Union offers an essential collection of ground-breaking chapters reflecting on the causes and consequences of this complex phenomenon. With contributions from key experts in this sub-field of European Studies, it will become a key volume used for those interested in learning the nuts and bolts of differentiation as a mechanism of (dis)integration in the European Union, especially in the light of Brexit. Organised around five key themes, it offers an authoritative 'encyclopaedia' of differentiation and addresses questions such as: How can one define differentiation in the European Union in the light of the most recent events? Does differentiation create more challenges or opportunities for the European Union? Is Europe moving away from an 'ever closer Union' and heading towards an 'ever more differentiated Union', especially as leading political figures across Europe favour the use of differentiation to reconcile divergences between member states? This handbook is essential reading and an authoritative reference for scholars, students, researchers and practitioners involved in, and actively concerned about, research in the study of European integration. As European differentiation is multi-faceted and involves a wide range of actors and policies, it will be of further interest to those working on countries and/or in policy areas where differentiation is an increasingly relevant feature.

"The Routledge Handbook of Differentiation in the European Union offers an essential collection of ground-breaking chapters reflecting on the causes and consequences of this complex phenomenon. With contributions from key experts in this sub-field of European Studies, it will become a key volume used for those interested in learning the nuts and bolts of differentiation as a mechanism of (dis)integration in the European Union, especially in the light of Brexit. Organised around five key themes, it offers an authoritative 'encyclopaedia' of differentiation and addresses questions such as: