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This study finds that nearly every school in the Great Lakes states is threatened to fail the Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) requirements mandated by the federal "No Child Left Behind" (NCLB) Act. In general, approximately 85 percent of schools in the Great Lakes states are projected to fail AYP in 2014 under the most optimistic scenarios. Under more realistic circumstances, the overall failure rate is projected to be at or above 95 percent. The authors question the sustainability of the AYP requirements. Furthermore, they caution that schools are not capable of closing the achievement gap without resolving the social problems that underlie this gap. They point out that adequate funding for remediation and social infrastructure is essential to meeting the stated goals of NCLB.

En unas décadas, el cambio climático ha pasado de ser una teoría propuesta por una serie de expertos a un hecho real y evidente. La modificación del clima está aquí y ha llegado para quedarse. La industria ha elevado un 30% la emisión de gases a la atmósfera y según los últimos datos, la concentración de CO2 en la atmosfera alcanza el valor record de 418 ppm (Oke, 2015). Cifra que no ha parado de crecer incluso tras la implantación de medidas de control y reducción establecidas por la Unión Europea y Gobiernos. Las emisiones producen el denominado "efecto invernadero" que está modificando todos los parámetros meteorológicos, no solo del medio rural, sino también del medio urbano. Las ciudades constituyen uno de los focos principales de contaminación y de consumo de los recursos naturales. En ellas, se está produciendo un efecto conocido como "Isla de calor urbana" como consecuencia de una serie de factores: crecimiento, contaminación, escasez de zonas verdes y aumento de las zonas pavimentadas (Higueras, 2009; Higueras, 2007). Este efecto se define como la diferencia de temperatura existente entre la ciudad y las zonas rurales limítrofes. En la ciudad de Granada se desarrollan los factores indicados para la producción de este fenómeno, convirtiéndola junto a Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia y una zona de Canarias como las únicas zonas de España donde se superan los límites máximos anuales de dióxido de nitrógeno en el aire (Independiente, 2019). Esta circunstancia viene incrementada por la cercanía al Parque Natural de Sierra Nevada con altitudes que rondan los 2.800 metros. Esta circunstancia, unida a la escasez de vientos en la zona y el contraste diario en las temperaturas, (de hasta 20ºC al día) (Consejería, 2020), hace que se produzca el efecto conocido como "inversión térmica", de tal forma que la contaminación queda embolsada en la ciudad (Alomar and Llop, 2018; Moreno and Serra, 2016). La Gran Vía de Granada está situada en el centro de la ciudad y es posiblemente una de las calles más transitadas, tanto por vehículos como por peatones (Bosque, 1992). La investigación de las diferencias térmicas en esta céntrica calle se ha realizado mediante el método de transectos móviles con Data logger entre los meses de Abril, Mayo y Junio de 2018. También se han realizado una serie de instantáneas mediante cámara termográfica a diferentes partes de la calle (Alomar and Llop, 2018; Moreno and Serra, 2016; Quereda et al., 2003; Alonso et al., 2004; López, 1991). En total, 9 mediciones de campo cuyo resultado nos ha permitido identificar diferencias térmicas en los diferentes puntos de control de la calle de entre 1 y 3ºC y diferencias con la estación meteorológica de la Agencia Española de Meteorología, ubicada en el Aeropuerto de Granada, de entre 2 y 4ºC. El método utilizado ha determinado en la calle Gran Vía de Granada un sector caliente y otro frío. Este último coincidente con una zona fría de vientos dominantes por donde discurre el río Darro.AbstractIn a few decades, climate change has gone from being a theory proposed by a number of experts to a real and obvious fact. The weather modification is here and it's here to stay. The industry has raised the emission of gases into the atmosphere by 30% and according to the latest data, the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere reaches a record value of 418 ppm (Oke, 2015). It has not stopped growing even after the implementation of control and reduction measures established by the European Union and Governments. The emissions produce the so-called "greenhouse effect" that is modifying all the meteorological parameters, not only of the rural environment, but also of the urban environment. Cities are one of the main sources of pollution and consumption of natural resources. In them, there is an effect known as "Island of urban heat" as a result of a number of factors: growth, pollution, scarcity of green areas and increase in paved areas (Higueras, 2009; Higueras, 2007). This effect is defined as the difference in temperature between the city and the surrounding rural areas. In the city of Granada the factors indicated for the production of this phenomenon are developed, making it next to Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia and an area of the Canary Islands as the only areas in Spain where the maximum annual limits of nitrogen dioxide in the air are exceeded (Independiente, 2019). This circumstance is increased by the proximity to the Natural Park of Sierra Nevada with altitudes that are around 2,800 meters. This circumstance, together with the shortage of winds in the area and the daily contrast in temperatures (up to 20ºC per day) (Consejería, 2020), causes the effect known as "thermal inversion" to occur, so that pollution is pocketed in the city (Alomar and Llop, 2018; Moreno and Serra, 2016). The Gran Vía de Granada is located in the center of the city and is possibly one of the busiest streets, both by vehicles and by pedestrians (Bosque, 1992). The investigation of the thermal differences in this central street has been carried out using the mobile transects method with Data logger between the months of April, May and June 2018. A series of snapshots have also been made by means of a thermal imager to different parts of the street (Alomar and Llop, 2018; Moreno and Serra, 2016; Quereda et al., 2003; Alonso et al., 2004; López, 1991). In total, 9 field measurements whose result has allowed us to identify thermal differences in the different control points of the street between 1 and 3ºC and differences with the meteorological station of the Spanish Meteorological Agency, located at the Granada Airport, of between 2 and 4ºC. The method used has determined a hot and a cold sector on Gran Vía street in Granada. The latter coincides with a cold zone of prevailing winds where the Darro River flows.

Abstract
Social media users tend to produce content that contains more positive than negative emotional language. However, negative emotional language is more likely to be shared. To understand why, research has thus far focused on psychological processes associated with tweets' content. In the current study, we investigate if the content producer influences the extent to which their negative content is shared. More specifically, we focus on a group of users that are central to the diffusion of content on social media—public figures. We found that an increase in negativity was associated with a stronger increase in sharing for public figures compared to ordinary users. This effect was explained by two user characteristics, the number of followers and thus the strength of ties and the proportion of political tweets. The results shed light on whose negativity is most viral, allowing future research to develop interventions aimed at mitigating overexposure to negative content.

Wikipedia is a community-created encyclopedia that contains information about notable people from different countries, epochs and disciplines and aims to document the world's knowledge from a neutral point of view. However, the narrow diversity of the Wikipedia editor community has the potential to introduce systemic biases such as gender biases into the content of Wikipedia. In this paper we aim to tackle a sub problem of this larger challenge by presenting and applying a computational method for assessing gender bias on Wikipedia along multiple dimensions. We find that while women on Wikipedia are covered and featured well in many Wikipedia language editions, the way women are portrayed starkly differs from the way men are portrayed. We hope our work contributes to increasing awareness about gender biases online, and in particular to raising attention to the different levels in which gender biases can manifest themselves on the web.

The number of new daily infections is one of the main parameters to understand the dynamics of an epidemic. During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, however, such information has been underestimated. Here, we propose a retrospective methodology to estimate daily infections from daily deaths, because those are usually more accurately documented. Given the incubation period, the time from illness onset to death, and the case fatality ratio, the date of death can be estimated from the date of infection. We apply this idea conversely to estimate infections from deaths. This methodology is applied to Spain and its 19 administrative regions. Our results showed that probable daily infections during the first wave were between 35 and 42 times more than those officially documented on 14 March, when the national government decreed a national lockdown and 9 times more than those documented by the updated version of the official data. The national lockdown had a strong effect on the growth rate of virus transmission, which began to decrease immediately. Finally, the first inferred infection in Spain is about 43 days before the official data were available during the first wave. The current official data show delays of 15–30 days in the first infection relative to the inferred infections in 63% of the regions. In summary, we propose a methodology that allows reinterpretation of official daily infections, improving data accuracy in infection magnitude and dates because it assimilates valuable information from the National Seroprevalence Studies. ; The funding was provided by Universidad de Alicante (COVID-19 2020-41.30.6P.0016) and also by Ajuntament de Dénia - Montgó-Dénia Research Station (2020-41.30.6O.00.01).