Suchergebnisse

The institute of referendum has not enjoyed a particularly active history in the Czech Republic (and prior to that state's birth on 1 January 1993, in the Czechoslovak Republic). It has existed both on the nation-wide level and locally, and it is on the latter level that it has laid more roots in the proper sense. The institute of referendum on a nation-wide level has been for all intents and purposes virtually non- existent. Although it has existed in the legal order at various times since the establishment of the Czechoslovak Republic in 1918, it has not existed at all times, and during periods when there was a positive legal basis for it, it was always regulated in the narrowest possible sense. The local referendum, which will be dealt with in turn, has had a more active career, but by its very nature has not had broad impact on political or legal affairs either.

The degree of freedom or coercion in society affects the ability to build buildings and to create architecture of distinction. This paper explores the ways in which modern democratic societies have reduced classic property rights, and thus reduced an owner or developer's ability to build as he judges best for his own needs or his customers. A brief description is given of free market alternatives to existing statist regulatory approaches to property and land‐use regulation.

Families are not only subject to time constraints but also produce their own sense of time. The time families live by is not the same as they live with. Historians, who have been primarily concerned with the quantitative dimension, have neglected the phenomenon that is commonly referred to as "quality time. " This article explores the origins of modem family times, paying particular attention to the rituals involved in daily, weekly, and annual family occasions. It suggests that a behavioral approach to family history is incapable of capturing the symbolic processes that have become central to modern family life, and it calls for a cultural history of family that would take into account myth, ritual, and symbol.

No society or government can offer total care for all elderly people in the population - no matter how developed or wealthy the country is. The financial and manpower implications of doing so would be enormous.

Der Autor geht bei seiner Studie der Bedeutung geschlechtsspezifischer Unterschiede in der britischen Jugend von der Grundannahme aus, daß Männlichkeit und Weiblichkeit sozial konstruierte Konzeptualisierungen sind, die die gleichsam sozial konstruierten historischen Ideen von Jugend und Erwachsenenalter beeinflußten und formten. Er zeigt, wie sich seit 1870 die hoch polarisierten Konzepte von Männlichkeit und Weiblichkeit parallel zum Aufkommen neuer Ideen von Altersbeziehungen entwickelten, die eine gänzlich neue Vorstellung von Adoleszenz schufen und bis in die 60er Jahre des 20. Jhs. Gültigkeit behielten. Erst ab den 70er Jahren wurde das Alter-Geschlechter-Verhältnis als historisch kontingent gesehen. (KS)

Canada and the U.S. Growing acceptability of consumption taxation generally; demise of pre-retail taxes and ascendency of retail taxation, especially the value added tax (VAT).

Indonesia enacted reforms in taxation in 1983. The new laws replace outdated, complicated and unproductive taxes adopted several decades earlier. The Indonesian reform made eclectic use of the lessons from similar fiscal exercises in Asia, Africa and Latin America and of recent innovations in tax analysis elsewhere, but was tailored to national objectives and constraints. (DSE)