Suchergebnisse

Vegetation monitoring is considered an important application in remote sensing task due to variation of vegetation types and their distribution. The vegetation concentration around the Earth is increase in 5% in 2000 according to NASA monitoring. This increase is due to the Indian vegetable programs. In this research, the vegetation monitoring in Baghdad city was done using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) for temporal Landsat satellite images (Landsat 5 TM& Landsat 8 OIL). These images had been used and utilize in different times during the period from 2000, 2010, 2015 & 2017. The outcomes of the study demonstrate that a change in the vegetation Cover (VC) in Baghdad city. (NDVI) generally shows a low value of plant cover. The highest NDVI values were occur in 2000 and the lowest values for both years 2015-2017. This change is due to a correlation of climate indices such as precipitation, temperature, and dust storms. This study present that (NDVI) method is a powerful and useful way of monitoring vegetation. The calculation of vegetable areas show (43.3, 37.4, 9.1, and 22.7 Km2). The result were evaluated using (Environment for Visualizing Images ENVI) Ver. 4.8 package.

The aim of the paper is to examine the mean reversion in health expenditure of 45 sub-Saharan African countries. The series on current health expenditure (percent of GDP in total), obtained from the World Development Indicators, each spanned the years 2000–2017. We employed the Fourier unit root test, which allows modelling structural breaks, to deal with any such breaks that could arise as a result of a small sample size (18 years) of data available on health expenditure of the selected countries. The results showed evidence of mean reversion in the health spending pattern of 27 sub-Saharan African countries. There is evidence of nonmean reversion in the health expenditure pattern of the remaining 18 countries considered. We further investigate the link between health expenditure and health outcome, using infant mortality rate and under-five mortality rate as health outcome variables. An inverse association could be observed between the infant mortality rate and health expenditure and between the under-five mortality rate and health expenditure in 24 sub-Saharan African countries. On the other hand, in 13 other sub-Saharan African countries we observed a positive association between the variables. The findings of this study could be of great importance to healthcare delivery programmes in the studied countries.

AbstractThe authors have employed several techniques to account for model uncertainty in the inequality-growth model. However, the BMA technique is the most prominent approach that solves model uncertainty in the inequality-growth literature. This study applied a recent BMA analysis using panel data to examine the role of fiscal policy on income inequality in 37 OECD countries from 2000 to 2015. Fiscal policy (in terms of tax revenue increase) serves as a redistributive tool or instrument to transfer income from higher income earners to lower earners and is considered a mechanism for income equality. To the best of the author's knowledge, only a few empirical growth studies have considered fiscal policy impact in their income inequality model setup. Our work contributes to very little research on the fiscal policy–income nexus using a novel BMA and MCMC regression as a robust methodology. Our empirical evidence on the role of fiscal policy on income inequality has found three variables, namely, economic growth, fiscal policy, and urban population, to impact income inequality significantly. We also found that the countries are conditionally neither converging nor diverging because of the probability of their coefficient being high at 100%. As expected, the coefficient of fiscal policy has a significant negative relationship with income inequality, indicating that fiscal policy reduces income inequality significantly by an average of 22% (with 100% certainty) for both BMA and Bayes models in OECD countries.

The small business sector has been identified as an essential component of the global economy, especially in developing economies, where it plays a significant role in addressing job creation and poverty. However, the COVID-19 pandemic and its attendant lockdown restrictions have brought untold devastation to the sector forcing many out of operation, crippling business operations and financial viability. We seek to identify the role and impact of government relief measures in helping immigrant-owned businesses in South Africa to deal with the impact of the pandemic on their businesses. Primary data was collected using an electronic questionnaire administered to 260 foreign business owners in South Africa. The data was cleaned and statistically analysed using IBM SPSS version 27. We interpreted and discussed the results using the realistic conflict theory. Though a vast majority of the businesses (89%) reported that the pandemic had a very severe impact on their financial sustainability and liquidity, none of them reported that they benefitted from any of the South African government business support packages during the pandemic.

In this work, thin films of cadmium oxide: nickel oxide (CdO: NiO) were prepared by pulsed laser deposition at different pulse energies of Nd: YAG laser. The thin films' properties were determined by various techniques to study the effect of pulse laser energy on thin films' properties. X-ray diffraction measurements showed a mixture of both phases. The degree of crystallinity and the lattice constant increase with the laser energy increase, while the lattice strain decreases. FE-SEM images show that the substrates' entire surface is uniformly covered, without any cracks, with a well-connected structure consisting of small spherical particles ranging in size from 15 to 120 nm. Increasing the laser power causes to increase the particle size irregularly. EDX analysis showed increased oxidation in the samples using laser energy. The AFM of the thin film deposited at minimum energy shows the uniform deposition of samples prepared at the lowest energy. They are increasing pulses energy of the laser cause to increase in the average particle diameter and surface roughness. The charge carrier concentration decreases, and its mobility increases with laser energy. The I-V characteristics for CdO: NiO/porous-PSi heterojunctions prepared by different laser energies show photovoltaic properties. Optimum efficiency of the samples prepared with the lowest laser energy.

This study examined the conceptions of incessant Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU) strike actions in Nigeria public universities and identified the positive and negative sides of this action to university teachers. A qualitative research design of narrative type was used for this study. Twelve academic staff were sampled based on their availability to participate voluntarily in the study. Twelve individual interviews with academic staff were conducted. A list of fifteen (15) categories was generated to conceptualized incessant ASUU strikes in Nigeria public universities. Results showed that the context of incessant ASUU strikes were perceived as involvement in politics, desire for continuation, civil responsibility, engagement, research output, and programs disruption. The most positive outcomes of incessant ASUU strikes to academic staff was engagement in terms of stress aversion, alleviating burnouts, and natural work leave. The most negative outcomes of incessant ASUU strikes to academic staff was programmed disruption in terms of disruptive academic calendar, loss of productive time, and over-extension of study programs. The findings revealed that incessant ASUU strikes in Nigeria public universities have been designed to maintain the integrity of university education and the need to provide global standard quality education. The study recommended that the University management should initiate 'Semester Break' to relief lecturers from academic burnout. Academic staff in public universities should work closely with their Union chapters to promote quality university education.

2nd International Scientific Conference of Al-Ayen University, ISCAU 2020 -- 15 July 2020 through 17 July 2020 -- -- 165187 ; 2-s2.0-85097145129 ; Computer vision is a field in computer science that has had great success due to the increasing popularity of machine learning. Instead of having a human look at images and decide what they depict, we are able to teach computers to recognize patterns of previous images and see the resemblance in new images. In this paper we will get car all information from his number plates through an Android Application which use image preprocessing and YOLO (You only look once) technique to detect the plates and then optimal character recognition to read the plates and Arabic numbers of the cars in Iraq and we have trained it using darkflow. Every Car has its unique Licensed number plate which will be scanned and give the details about the car. Computer vision can also be used to read alphanumeric characters in images and turn them into text. We have implemented API to detect the text and number in the plates. The purpose of this project is to develop a system for our Government and Police So that If police need details about any car he would easily access it. We have achieved the accuracy of 92.23% which means out of 3500 number plates 3220 read correctly. © 2020 Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.

In this article, the effects of the O2 ratio on the electrical characteristics, including the I-V characteristic curve, Panchen's curve, and I-P curve, were tested in a sample of O2/Ar gaseous mixture . The sample was produced by plasma-based DC magnetron sputtering with niobium metal as a target material. The inter-electrode spacing value was 4 cm. Plasma diagnosis via the Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES) method was used to achieve Te and Ne mixture values of 20 %, 30 %, 50%, and 70% in the Ar/O2 system. The results showed that the discharge is operating in the abnormal glow region and the discharge current was decreased by increasing O2 percentage. In addition, the experimental results showed that the discharge is optimal at 30% gas ratio. It was found that the electron temperature was decreased with increasing working pressure and increased with increasing the O2 percentage, while electron density was increased with increasing both working gas pressure and O2 percentage.

In this article, we define and study a family of modified Baskakov type operators based on a parameter . This family is a generalization of the classical Baskakov sequence. First, we prove that it converges to the function being approximated. Then, we find a Voronovsky-type formula and obtain that the order of approximation of this family is . This order is better than the order of the classical Baskakov sequence whenever . Finally, we apply our sequence to approximate two test functions and analyze the numerical results obtained.