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Constitutive criminology, a theory supported by the premises of symbolic interactionism, phenomenology, structural Marxism, poststructuralism, & semiotics is distinctly postmodern in nature. As such it also draws on complexity theory, structural coupling, autopoietic systems, & dialectical materialism. The theory was founded by Dragan Milovanovic, Gregg Barak, & Bruce Arrigo & is based on the idea that offenders & crime cannot be viewed separately from social processes. It also contends that structures & culture do not govern crime. In the 12 years since constitutive criminology was formulated, it has been accepted as a significant contribution to the study of criminology. Despite the advances that have been generated by this theory & others, policies directed at crime remain problematic. Though steps have been taken, there are currently no viable solutions. 62 References. K. A. Larsen

This paper synthesizes recent trends in the development of critical criminology into a new theoretical direction in thinking about crime. It rejects approaches to criminological theory that reduce crime to an outcome of micro causes or macro contexts. It suggests instead that thinking about crime should be reconsidered as the coterminous discursive production by human agents of an ideology of crime that sustains it as a concrete reality. It argues that this coproduction occurs when agents act out criminal patterns, when others seek to control criminal behavior, and when yet others attempt to research, philosophize about, and explain crime. The paper argues that reducing crime will only come about with a reduction of investment by human agents in the ideology of crime production. Such a reflexive re‐conceptualization requires the development of a replacement discourse, rather than an oppositional one, a peacemaking discourse rather than a conflicting one. We call this new theoretical direction constitutive criminology.

A constitutive approach to penology is developed, & it is shown how human agents, acting in a sociopolitical context, are the active producers of penal policy & penal practice. It is contended that discursive structures & practices constitute the framework that shapes & conveys structures of meaning in theorizing about the nature of prisons & control practices. Advocated is a replacement discourse & a transpraxis; semiotic analysis is a key link in this theorizing. The question of agency is central to the question of these constitutive practices. 65 References. AA

We argue that the theft of goods from work and their subsequent resale might usefully be considered in a social anthropological frame: as the transferring of goods from our economy's dominant market exchange sphere to what we call the illegal amateur trading sphere. We show that pecuniary reward is alien to the amateur sphere and that a wide range of social features which belie normal market principles characterize the transactions. These features `personalize' relationships and `dematerialize' transactions which become part of a flow in the relationships involved. Exchange relationships in non-individual societies, are easier to understand because they have several clear spheres of exchange each with institutional forms, moral values and vocabularies. But understanding these relationships in our society is obscured because of the apparent dominance of the market exchange sphere. The natural insulation between different spheres is breached by general purpose currency—money—and market terms pervade all forms of transaction. This fails to emphasize the social dimension and as a result explanations of non-market exchange in our society are described as motivated for economic benefit. When legal authority, police, security or courts—all extraneous to the amateur sphere—become involved, they `rematerialize' transactions and `depersonalize' relationships completing a reconversion from the amateur sphere back to the market exchange sphere. This process is possible because i) the social availability of a general language of retrospective description only acknowledges economically rational interpretations 2) the linguistic reconstruction of events occurs in contexts alien to the interaction. Serious problems arise in both criminal processing and control when these are framed in market exchange terms and applied to the an ateur trading sphere. To avoid these problems we propose building on the normative controls typically found at work which limit categories and amounts and institutionalizing these through workplace courts.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface and Introduction -- 1 Classical and Rational Choice Theories -- 1.1 Free Will and Determinism? Reading Beccaria's Of Crimes and Punishments (1764) as a Text of Enlightenment -- 1.2 The Rational Choice Perspective -- 2 Biological and Biosocial Theories -- 2.1 Cesare Lombroso and the Origins of Criminology: Rethinking Criminological Tradition -- 2.2 Integrating Findings from Neurobiology into Criminological Thought: Issues, Solutions, and Implications -- 3 Psychological Theories -- 3.1 Forty Years of the Yochelson/Samenow Work: A Perspective -- 3.2 Contributions of Community Psychology to Criminal Justice: Prevention Research and Intervention -- 4 Social Learning and Neutralization Theory -- 4.1 Social Learning Theory: Correcting Misconceptions -- 4.2 Techniques of Neutralization -- 5 Social Control Theories -- 5.1 Social Control and Self-Control Theory -- 5.2 Social Control Theory and Direct Parental Controls -- 6 Social Ecology and Subcultural Theories -- 6.1 Social Ecology and Collective Efficacy Theory -- 6.2 Gangs as Social Actors -- 7 Anomie and Strain Theories -- 7.1 General Strain Theory -- 7.2 The Origins, Nature, and Prospects of Institutional-Anomie Theory -- 7.3 Global Anomie Theory and Crime -- 8 Conflict and Radical Theories -- 8.1 Criminology and Conflict Theory -- 8.2 The New Radical Criminology and the Same Old Criticisms -- 9 Feminist and Gender Theories -- 9.1 Feminist Thinking About Crime -- 9.2 Masculinities and Theoretical Criminology -- 10 Postmodernism and Critical Cultural Theory -- 10.1 Postmodern Theory and Criminology -- 10.2 Edgework: Negotiating Boundaries -- 10.3 Cultural Criminology -- 11 Anarchism, Peacemaking, and Restorative Justice -- 11.1 Needs-Based Anarchist Criminology -- 11.2 Peacemaking -- 11.3 Reintegrative Shaming

Discusses nature, scope, causes, and policy implications of increasing violence in US schools in the 1990s; 13 articles. Chiefly based on papers presented at a conference held at Valparaiso University, Indiana, Oct. 2, 1998. Topics include alienation of the young as a result of less parenting and supervision, sensationalization of gang culture by the media and its corporate and commercial exploitation, adverse effects of grouping by ability (tracking) on low-income and minority students, use of drugs, and school size, organization, discipline, and security.