Suchergebnisse

This book analyses the new strategic decisions of the European Central Bank. Contributors from different fields examine especially the sustainability strategy of the ECB: What role can the European Central Bank play in fighting climate change? ECB President Christine Lagarde has repeatedly confirmed that the central bank wants to play a role in coping with climate change. What will this role be? What instruments does the ECB have to make a difference in challenges such as the defossilization of the economy and transport, biodiversity, the energy transition, resource consumption and other sustainability areas? Is it entitled or obliged to go beyond the classic mandate of maintaining price stability? The volume includes contributions from academics and practitioners from the financial sector, civil society and institutions involved at European level.

This book examines selected actions and investments of the European Central Bank (ECB) from a climate and sustainability standpoint. Shedding new light on the topic from various angles - ethical, philosophical, political, economical and legal - it situates sustainability mainstreaming in the finance and investment field at all levels. The former ECB President Mario Draghi once said that he considered sustainable development and an intact environment to be human rights, and therefore enshrined in the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. The acting ECB President Christine Lagarde added that the future path for the climate is uncertain, but it would remain within our power to influence it. However, with all that in mind the ECB's policy of buying assets as securities is often questionable. This volume analyzes these actions in connection with sustainability, and puts forward practical recommendations for improving the ECB's investment strategy on its way creating a sustainable financial market.

A method is presented to measure materials and extract the complex permittivity without using classic VNA calibrations and time-gating. It is based on normalization to a "Thru" connection and analyzing error-terms and multiple-reflection phenomena. Measurement results (in free-space) are presented in 75-110 GHz and 500-750 GHz bands. Normalization technique can reduce the overall measurement uncertainties and simplify the material characterization process. ; This work was supported by the European Metrology Programme for Innovation and Research (EMPIR), under 18SIB09-TEMMT project. EMPIR programme is co-financed by the Participating States and from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme.

Classic equations for material parameter extraction are reconsidered and slightly modified to achieve stable results at all frequencies. Meanwhile, closed-form solutions are developed to simplify the material parameter extraction process and uncertainty evaluation. The presented equations are independent of the material-slab thickness and therefore, can reduce the relevant systematic errors and uncertainties. Some representative results are reported in the frequency range 140-220 GHz together with the uncertainty analysis and sensitivity coefficients. ; The authors wish to acknowledge funding within the research project 18SIB09 TEMMT (Traceability for electrical measurement at millimeter-wave and terahertz frequencies for communications and electronics technologies). This project has received funding from the EMPIR programme co-financed by the Participating States and from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme.