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Militarized borderlands come into being through a plethora of social, political, and economic processes. We see the borders of Europe, Australia and the US being militarized in response to the perceived threat of illegal immigrants. In Asia, too, we fi nd a wealth of examples of militarized borders, yet these often emerge through different processes. In many cases the borderlands between two or more Asian countries become militarized where borderlines are highly contested such as the India-Pakistan border, the Korean peninsula or the sea border between China and Taiwan. In other instances, through the expansionist ambitions of the state and the suppression of ethnic minorities at its fringes, certain groups are caught in an Agambian state of exception. This is the case of the Karen and Karenni in southeastern Burma.

What is a Refugee Religion? : Exile, Exodus and Emigration in the Vietnamese Diaspora / Janet Hoskins -- Religious Imaginary as an Alternative Social and Moral Order : Karen Buddhism across the Thai-Burma Border / Mikael Gravers -- Refugee and Religious Narratives : The Conversion of North Koreans from Refugees to God's Warriors / Jin-Heon Jung -- Ritual Practice, Material Culture and Wellbeing in Displacement : ka-thow-bòw in a Karenni Refugee Camp in Thailand / Sandra Dudley -- Secular and Religious Sanctuaries : Interfaces of Humanitarianism and Self-Government of Karen Refugee-Migrants in Thai Burmese Border Spaces / Alexander Horstmann -- Conflicting Missions? : The Politics of Evangelical Humanitarianism in the Sahrawi and Palestinian Protracted Refugee Situations / Elena Fiddian-Qasmiyeh -- Humanitarian Adhocracy, Transnational New Apostolic Missions, and Evangelical Anti-Dependency in a Haitian Refugee Camp / Elizabeth McAlister -- Palestinian Steadfastness as a Mission / Leonardo Schiocchet -- Conversion and Community among Iu Mien Refugee Immigrants in the United States / Hjorleifur Jonsson -- Faith in Ethnicity : The Homeland Ties and Diasporic Formation of Vietnamese Caodaists in the U.S. and Cambodia / Thien-Huong Ninh

"In Asia, where authoritarian-developmental states have proliferated, statehood and social control are heavily contested in borderland spaces. As a result, in the post-Cold War world, borders have not only redefined Asian incomes and mobilities, they have also rekindled neighbouring relations and raised questions about citizenship and security. The contributors to the Routledge Handbook of Asian Borderlands highlight some of these processes taking place at the fringe of the state. Offering an array of comparative perspectives of Asian borders and borderlands in the global context, this handbook is divided into thematic sections, including:Livelihoods, commodities and mobilitiesBorders and boundaries of the state and the notion of statelessnessRe-conceptualizing trade and the economy in the borderlandsThe existence and influence of humanitarians, religions, and NGOsThe militarization of borderlandsCausing us to rethink and fundamentally question some of the categories of state, nation, and the economy, this is an important resource for students and scholars of Asian Studies, Border Studies, Social and Cultural Studies, and Anthropology."--Provided by publisher

Introduction -- Asian borderlands in a global perspective / Martin Saxer, Alessandro Rippa and Alexander Horstmann -- Conceptual framing -- Violence in Asian borderlands / Reece Jones -- Asia's gendered borderlands / Malini Sur -- Intimate militarism : domesticating the border in rural Central Asia / Madeleine Reeves -- Borders and bordering in Asia / Karin Dean -- Zomia and beyond / Jean Michaud -- Livelihoods, commodities, mobilities -- Political livelihoods in northeast borderlands of Cambodia : legacy of the past, territorial incorporation and confrontation / Frédéric Bourdier -- Cross-border commodities : processual histories, commodity chains, and the Yak tail trade / Tina Harris -- Old routes, new roads : proximity across the China-Pakistan border / Alessandro Rippa -- Making place within a geopolitical frontier : Mae Aw (Ban Rak Thai) / Carl Grundy-Warr, Jessica Teo and Chin Wei Jun -- Making connectivity work : exploring cross-border livelihoods between Kazakhstan and China / Henryk Alff -- Ritual and issues of ethnic integration in the borderlands of the state of Rakhine/Arakan (Myanmar) / Alexandra de Mersan -- Asia's borderlands : physical land use and agrarian transformations -- Genesis of state space : frontier commodification in Malaysian borneo / Noboru Ishikawa -- Frontier constellations : agrarian expansion and sovereignty on the Indonesian-Malaysian border / Michael Eilenberg -- Beyond "natural" pressures : Chinese agriculture in the Russian Far East / Jiayi Zhou -- A failed market experiment and ignored livelihoods : Jatropha expansion in the Sino-Vietnamese borderlands / Jean-François Rousseau -- Border and boundaries of the state, governance and the production of statelessness -- Multiple borders and bordering processes in Kachin state / Karin Dean and Mart Viirand -- Turning your back to the border : federalism, territory and claims for autonomy in the Nepal-India borderland / Rune Bennike -- A proliferation of border interfaces : ordering insecurity for migrants in the Thai-Burmese borderlands / Adam Saltsman -- The decision to move : post-exchange experiences in the former Bangladesh-India border enclaves / Md. Azmeary Ferdoush and Reece Jones -- The backdoors of resistance : identities in the Malay peninsula's maritime borderlands / Maxime Boutry -- Ethnic reconstruction and Austronesian strategies at the borders : the moken social space in Burma / Jaques Ivanoff -- It's all about relations: re-conceptualizing trade and the economy in the borderlands -- Accumulating trust : uyghur traders in the Sino-Kyrgyz border trade after 1991 / Rune Steenberg -- The "leech plot" : discourses on alleged deception strategies among traders in the Sino-Vietnamese borderlands / Caroline Grillot -- Nobody stops and stays anymore : motor roads, uneven mobilities, and conceptualizing borderland modernity in highland Nepal / Galen Murton -- Cultivating consumer markets : ethnic minority traders and the refashioning of cultural commodities in the Sino-Vietnamese border uplands / Christine Bonnin -- Invisible trade : sovereign decisions on the Sino-Russian border / Natalia Ryzhova -- Humanitarians, religion and NGOs -- Humanitarian assistance and protestant proselytizing in the borderlands of Myanmar : the free Burma rangers / Alexander Horstmann -- The moral economy of the Myawaddy-Mae Sot border / Su-Ann Oh -- Biosocial body of ethno-religious boundaries in a Tibetan marriage / Dan Smyer Yü -- Development institutions and religious networks in the Pamirian borderlands / Till Mostowlansky -- Militarization of borderlands -- Border, checkpoint, bodies / Pradeep Jeganathan -- Musical crossings over the militarised borderland: a case study of the Ogasawara Islands / Masaya Shishikura -- Evaded states : security and control in the Sino-North Korean border region / Adam Cathcart -- Border and road regimes in Central Asia : ordering disorder at Uzbek-Kazakh checkpoint / Rano Turaeva -- Bordered spaces : spatial strategies in a "disputed border" / Wargajyoti Gohain

"In Asia, where authoritarian-developmental states have proliferated, statehood and social control are heavily contested in borderland spaces. As a result, in the post-Cold War world, borders have not only redefined Asian incomes and mobilities, they have also rekindled neighbouring relations and raised questions about citizenship and security. The contributors to the Routledge Handbook of Asian Borderlands highlight some of these processes taking place at the fringe of the state. Offering an array of comparative perspectives of Asian borders and borderlands in the global context, this handbook is divided into thematic sections, including:Livelihoods, commodities and mobilitiesBorders and boundaries of the state and the notion of statelessnessRe-conceptualizing trade and the economy in the borderlandsThe existence and influence of humanitarians, religions, and NGOsThe militarization of borderlandsCausing us to rethink and fundamentally question some of the categories of state, nation, and the economy, this is an important resource for students and scholars of Asian Studies, Border Studies, Social and Cultural Studies, and Anthropology."--Provided by publisher.

Displaced persons in and from Myanmar employ a wide array of coping and navigational strategies to secure their livelihoods and to find physical protection. Placing these in the context of the security situation in Myanmar, the paper demonstrates that organised violence and related concerns for safety are not only the main cause of displacement, but constitute an important factor that continuously shapes livelihood options and strategies for those who find themselves in cycles of protracted violence and displacement. The array of strategies is situated between or beyond the classic paradigms promoted by international refugee organisations: return, local integration and resettlement. Beyond aid and non-aid related strategies, we observed such vital coping mechanisms as cyclical return movements, the establishment of transnational networks and webs, and the development of self-established infrastructure. Return and local integration are two options in a continuum of strategies comprising cyclical and temporary return processes, transnational networks and patterns of de facto local integration. The cases presented show that refugees weigh the risks of return in relation to their current situation. Decisive factors include security, access to legal documents, public services and infrastructure. Our research showed that any dichotomy that contrasts non-refugees as masters of their own fate as opposed to displaced persons as victims without agency is obsolete. The coping patterns of displaced persons are highly flexible and adaptive.

Displaced persons in and from Myanmar employ a wide array of coping and navigational strategies to secure their livelihoods and to find physical protection. Placing these in the context of the security situation in Myanmar, the paper demonstrates that organised violence and related concerns for safety are not only the main cause of displacement, but constitute an important factor that continuously shapes livelihood options and strategies for those who find themselves in cycles of protracted violence and displacement. The array of strategies is situated between or beyond the classic paradigms promoted by international refugee organisations: return, local integration and resettlement. Beyond aid and non-aid related strategies, we observed such vital coping mechanisms as cyclical return movements, the establishment of transnational networks and webs, and the development of self-established infrastructure. Return and local integration are two options in a continuum of strategies comprising cyclical and temporary return processes, transnational networks and patterns of de facto local integration. The cases presented show that refugees weigh the risks of return in relation to their current situation. Decisive factors include security, access to legal documents, public services and infrastructure. Our research showed that any dichotomy that contrasts non-refugees as masters of their own fate as opposed to displaced persons as victims without agency is obsolete. The coping patterns of displaced persons are highly flexible and adaptive.

In der vorhandenen Forschungsliteratur über die Mittelschichten in Südostasien wird entweder von einer demokratisch-politischen Interessenhaltung oder einer reinen Konsumorientierung und "Yuppie-Mentalität" bei den Mittelschichten ausgegangen. In Abgrenzung zu dieser eher "gedanklichen Konstruktion" trägt der Autor im folgenden einige empirische Beobachtungen zur Veränderung von Mittelschichten im Kontext von Globalisierungsprozessen am Beispiel Südthailands vor. Er beschreibt insbesondere die soziokulturelle Integration zwischen den Mittelschichtsegmenten der chinesischen, thailändischen und malaiischen Bevölkerung. Gegenüber den klassischen Kriterien wie Bildung und Einkommen stellt er eine stärkere Bedeutung der Lebensstile im öffentlichen Raum und die Herausbildung neuer Identitäten fest. (ICI)

Violence, defined as the intentional inflicting of injury and damage, seems to always have been a fact of human life. Whether in the shape of raids, ambushes, wars, massacres, genocides, insurgences, terrorism, or gang assaults, socially organized violence, that is, human groups orchestrating and committing violent acts, has been a steady companion of human life through the ages. The human quest to make sense of violence is probably as old as violence itself. Academic conflict research both continues and advances this quest. As long as wars were waged between nations, the research on armed conflicts focused on international relations and great power politics. This paradigm was kept alive even when the asymmetrical warfare of decolonization spread across the world, because by then the frame of analysis was the binary system of the Cold War and regional conflicts were classifi ed as proxy wars. After the end of the Cold War, the academic interest in forms of organized violence other than international conflict became more general in the social sciences, not least in anthropology, a discipline whose long-standing research interest in violent conflict previously had been directed almost exclusively towards "tribal warfare." But, following their research tradition, anthropologists also began to conduct field studies in contemporary war zones and other violent settings.