Suchergebnisse

This article deals with the Pak- US Relations during the time of Ayub Khan, the first military ruler of Pakistan, whose rule lasted from 1958 till 1969.Â

Purpose
Using the broaden-and-build theory, this study aims to examine whether (1) employees have hateful emotional responses and think the overall performance review is fair at different levels of managers' emotional flexibility; and (2) the difference in employees' hateful emotional responses mediates the relationship between managers' emotional flexibility and employees' perceptions of performance review fairness across flexibility conditions.


Design/methodology/approach
A sample of 110 Pakistani undergraduates participated in the seven waves of online scenario-based experimental research. For a one-way repeated-measures analysis, the general linear model was used, and for a two-condition within-subject mediational path analysis, the mediation and moderation analysis for repeated measures (MEMORE) was used.


Findings
Employees experience a high level of performance review justice and a low level of hateful emotional responses when managers are more emotionally flexible during the meeting, and vice versa. A manager's emotional flexibility may also prevent employees from responding hatefully during performance reviews, which in turn makes them perceive the overall performance review as just.


Originality/value
The study expands on the thought–action repertoire and personal resources, supporting the broaden-and-build theory. The research applies this notion to performance reviews, which are an emotional experience for managers and employees. The study timely addresses organizations' need for performance management system overhauls by suggesting managers to use emotional flexibility until an alternate performance review system is available.

This study purpose to explore Indonesian Tafsir, especially the tafsir issued by the Indonesian government. The method used in this research is a qualitative research method with a descriptive analytical approach through data collection by literature study. The results obtained from this study are that the official Tafsir issued by the Government of Indonesia, in this case issued by the Ministry of Religion, aims to facilitate the Indonesian people in the need to study the Qur'an from the beginning from the issuance of the Al-Qur'an Translation product to the thematic interpretation product. This research is expected to be a treasure trove of knowledge among the community, especially for researchers who focus on the Tafsir Nusantara research.

Rapid urbanization, industrialization, unnecessary resource utilization, and subsequent solid waste management (SWM) are the major problems that could even potentially threaten human existence on earth. Improper solid waste management is a serious problem for the environment and public health. The factors which affect solid waste management are lack of community interest, unawareness among people, lack of availability of resources, diverse areas and fewer workers, population growth, land site problems, open dumping of waste, waste burning, and lack of interest from the government. In this issue, Rahman et al. report the inadequate facilities for solid waste management in district Swat, where most of the residents supported the recycling of resources for a better environment. SWM requires basic planning process or the advancement of waste administration framework for movement toward sustainability.

The purpose of this research is to examine the influence of government expenditure on education, health, transportation and housing and its implication to economics growth in Indonesia. The data is secondary data and processed using error correction model (ECM). The results of this research show that in long term: (1) government expenditure on education, transportation and housing has positive and significant effect on economic growth, (2) government expenditure on health doesn't have significant effect on economic growth.

This study aims to analyze the new normal policy implementation during Covid-19 to deliverance the economy of Indonesia. New normal is one of the options to become a milestone in Indonesia's economic revival. The government has decided to run a new normal policy to encourage economic recovery. Although, the Covid-19 pandemic has not shown any signs of ending. Previously the handling of Covid-19 in Indonesia by seeking social distancing to large-scale social restrictions. However, this policy seems to make the economy in Indonesia stuck, so the government's step is to implement new normal. The method used in this study is qualitative-descriptive, with secondary data obtained from various sources such as government websites, journals, books, and online media. As a result, this new normal policy is aimed at all business sectors. To support this policy, the government has made working guidelines in new normal situations. If economic activity returns, the most noticeable impact will be reduced unemployment and the availability of various jobs. Therefore, people's purchasing power is expected to recover as before the Covid-19 pandemic emerged. New normal activity amid the Covid-19 pandemic is like two sides of a coin. On the one hand, there is the potential to boost the economy; however, there is a risk of increasing the coronavirus's positive cases. This study found that health protocols can be easily formulated, but implementation may not be comfortable in the field. For this reason, various multidisciplinary studies need to be considered by the government in implementing the new normal policy. ; Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis implementasi kebijakan normal baru selama Covid-19 terutama terkait dengan perekonomian Indonesia. Normal baru merupakan salah satu opsi untuk menjadi tonggak kebangkitan ekonomi Indonesia. Pemerintah telah memutuskan untuk mengimplementasikan kebijakan normal baru untuk mendorong pemulihan ekonomi. Meski begitu, pandemi Covid-19 belum menunjukkan tanda-tanda akan berakhir. Sebelumnya penanganan Covid-19 di Indonesia adalah dengan mengupayakan pembatasan sosial hingga skala besar. Namun, kebijakan tersebut tampaknya membuat perekonomian di Indonesia mandek, sehingga langkah pemerintah adalah menerapkan new normal. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif, dengan data sekunder diperoleh dari berbagai sumber seperti website pemerintah, jurnal, buku, dan media online. Hasilnya, kebijakan normal baru ini ditujukan pada semua sektor usaha. Untuk mendukung kebijakan tersebut, pemerintah telah membuat pedoman kerja dalam situasi normal baru. Jika kegiatan ekonomi kembali, dampak yang paling terlihat adalah berkurangnya pengangguran dan ketersediaan berbagai lapangan kerja. Dengan demikian, daya beli masyarakat diperkirakan akan pulih seperti sebelum pandemi Covid-19 muncul. Aktivitas normal baru di tengah pandemi Covid-19 seperti dua sisi mata uang. Di satu sisi, ada potensi untuk mendongkrak perekonomian. Namun, ada risiko meningkatnya kasus positif virus Covid-19. Studi ini menemukan bahwa protokol kesehatan dapat dengan mudah dirumuskan, tetapi penerapannya mungkin tidak mudah di lapangan. Untuk itu, berbagai kajian multidisiplin perlu menjadi pertimbangan pemerintah dalam menerapkan kebijakan normal baru.

Conventional economist, in particular neo-classical, assumes that self-interest is the guiding principle of economic behaviour and there exist no fallacies of composition. That is, whatever is in the interest of an individual is also in the interest of a society. Keynesian school of thought, on the other hand, though admits fallacies of composition such as "paradox of thrift" and "liquidity trap," but they believe that such anomalies can be resolved by appropriate government intervention. History has, however, shown that government intervention, on average, worsens the issues of an economy instead of resolving it. One such issue which could not be resolved through government intervention is of "interest." In this paper we investigate that why interest requires divine intervention for its prohibition. After explaining the economic rationale of prohibition of interest from Islamic perspective, we show through numerical illustration that how interest-based investment project, on one side, allows individual lenders to shift risk to borrowers and on the other side, generates a negative externality in the shape of financial and bankruptcy risk, which is an addition to the investment risk for the stakeholders of interest based investment. This might be one of the reasons that all divine religion including Islam give more weight to the societal or other stakeholders' interests than the interest of lenders only and prohibit interest based lending completely. We conclude that Islam not only admits the existence of fallacies of composition, as do Keynesian school of thought, but also takes steps to resolve such fallacies through divine rules.

This research explores the parameters of quality textbook and the current status of 5th class textbooks. Textbook counts due to its importance in attaining required goals of quality education. Quality textbooks have the capacity to improve the required skills of learners and consequently support the improvement of quality education as quality education is mostly connected to students' outcomes. A survey was conducted wherein officers of the Textbook Board Khyber Pakhtunkhwa participated and head teachers and teachers from public primary schools also took part. An interview was conducted for the Textbook Board officers to find out the parameters of quality textbook that improve the outcomes of the students. In this regard a questionnaire administered for head teachers and teachers to investigate the present status of 5th class textbook. 10 officers of Textbook Board, 281 primary school teachers and 256 head teachers were taken as sample from six districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

EDITORIAL The infectious diseases are commonly caused by disease-causing microorganisms and it may lead to the death. The tool for recombinant proteins production is achieved by the advent of recombinant DNA technologies and these recombinant proteins are used as therapeutic agents to cure the infectious diseases. Many expression systems for the pharmaceuticals production have been developed through which various types of immunoglobulins, enzymes and edible vaccines are synthesized that are used as prophylactic or as therapeutics. Biopharmaceutical and edible vaccines derived from the plants have several advantages as it involves simple and convenient approach, provide high yield of proteins, have lower storage and production cost, the removal of the pathogen contamination, the less processing required, as well as the safe delivery of the oral vaccines (Fahad et al., 2015). In 1989, immunoglobulins derived from transgenic tobacco plant were assembled as functional antibodies (Hiatt et al., 1989). Several studies confirmed that plants can be used to produce edible vaccines. In plants the expression of the biopharmaceutical proteins is based on both the stable and transient expression systems. Several problems are associated with nuclear transformation including gene silencing (Chebolu and Daniell, 2009), low yields, a high risk of the transgene contamination etc. The use of chloroplasts transformation for the industrial production of pharmaceutical compounds like antibodies, growth factors, cytokines, and antigens, enzymes and hormones is an alternative strategy (Daniell et al., 2009; Lössl and Waheed, 2011). Thus, high-throughput methods that couple gene identification and phenotype observations are required to put potential products into the hands of plant breeders to get better varieties (Hood and Requesens, 2012; Rech et al., 2014; Sukenik et al., 2018). Recent developments including optimization of environmental conditions are crucial for efficient recombinant protein production in transient expression systems (Fujiuchi et al., 2016). Plants act as an ideal biofactroy for the synthesis of antigens which play an important role in development of diagnostic test, as well as it is important to produce vaccines that are directed against diseases with epidemic potential. The expression of vaccine linked protein in transgenic form of tobacco plants enhanced the usage of plants as biofactories (Hiatt et al., 1989). Plant based vaccines can be stored at room temperature for long time in dried form. Efficiency of plant based vaccines has also shown great importance in animal models. Many reports have shown the high immunogenicity of vaccine candidates in different models of animals. Many vaccines and therapeutic compounds can be obtained from plants by many ways in green house, in the field and in cell or root cultures. Government should allocate more funds for plant based vaccines research and for further commercialization.

Irrigation infrastructure is a major supporting factor in order to improve the welfare of farmers, especiallythrough the agricultural sector. This can be achieved if the irrigation infrastructure functions optimally. The physicalcondition of the infrastructure must be maintained its function so that the optimization of the function can still bemaintained. In meeting water needs for various farming purposes, the capacity of water for irrigation must be given in theright amount, time and quality, if this is not fulfilled, the plant will be affected by growth which in turn affectsagricultural production. The long-term objective of this research is expected to later produce a performance assessment asa reference in the optimization of irrigation infrastructure through improvement / rehabilitation activities. For that shorttermpurpose in this study Pumping test is a method of measuring water discharge from observing the continuity of watersources and the availability of water from the source itself. The main point of the pumping test is the comparisonbetween the decrease in water level when pumping against the increase in water level during recovery. Knowing theresults of this study is expected to produce data and information to formulate policies (in this case the local governmentor related departments) in managing irrigation networks and the environment that have a direct impact on the localcommunity. This research method begins with a survey and field review conducted by groundwater irrigation networksin Gowa district. then measuring the discharge at the pump house. Record and take photos as research documentation.Measurement of debit, collection of primary data and secondary data and data processing. Data processing here is theprocess of processing data, so that the data is ready to be analyzed. The results of measurement of debit and pumpingtests from the Groundwater Irrigation Network (JIAT) were obtained in the form of the latest data (updated) so that itcould be used as a reference for the maintenance process of future groundwater irrigation networks.