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Of the 5.3 billion people in the world, 4 billion live in the low and middle income economies. About 1.5 billion people still lack basic health care and more than 1 billion adults are illiterate. The gap between rich and poor countries in the world remains and in many cases has widened. An average person in Tanzania earns $140 compared to $37,930 in Switzerland. The debt and trade difficulties in Latin America and Africa have led to declining standards of living in the 1980s for much of the population in these areas, particularly women. In many countries, women are often the most vulnerable group. They face acute health problems, have much lower levels of literacy and lack access to basic resources as well as legal rights. Among women, only one out of two is literate in Asia and only one out of three in Sub‐Saharan Africa.

"This magnificent achievement by Jalali should certainly become the new standard by which all other histories of conflict in the region are judged."--Military Review "Ali Ahmad Jalali has now written the most comprehensive English-language study of Afghan military history."--Michigan War Studies Review "Readable and will be a good source for those interested in the military history of Afghanistan."--Choice "As a survey of nineteenth and twentieth century Afghan military history by an experienced Afghan historian drawing on sources in several languages--those of Afghanistan, English, and Russian--this book is especially valuable."--New York Military Affairs Symposium Review.

Cover -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Part I Grounding the Development Debate -- Introduction to Part I -- 1 The Debate and its Claims: Oppression, Value and Poverty -- 2 The Condition Beneath the Claims: Understanding Human Unity -- 3 Beyond Dependency: A Recognition Approach to the Development Debate -- Part II Truth and Power in the Development Debate -- Introduction to Part II -- 4 The Truth of Development -- 5 Overcoming the Power of Development -- Part III Redefining Development -- Introduction to Part III -- 6 The Truth and Power of Dialogue -- 7 The Community of Friends -- 8 Development as the Collective Search for Truth -- Bibliography -- Index.

This book reflects on the philosophical assumptions that sustain the development debate. Rabbani analyzes how the modern project of development and the antidevelopment discourse reduce the human condition to a struggle for self-preservation and, likewise, social and international cooperation to a strategic and self-defeating process. Instructors and graduate and undergraduate students as well as those working in development agencies will find this volume ideally fit for purpose.

One of the principles of education is to use the method of encouragement and punishment. Punishment has methods, types and etiquettes. The main question of this research is what are the types of punishment of offenders by Amir al-Mu'minin Ali (AS) and how did he punish the offenders and what etiquettes did he observe in punishing? The method of collecting data in this research was library and the processing method is descriptive-analytical. After investigations, it was found that Imam Ali (A.S) used different method. After investigations, it was found that the types of punishment for offenders by Amir al-Momenin are 1- warning, 2- threatening, 3- dismissal, and 4- punishment. He also observed etiquette in punishment, including that the punishment was carried out in proportion to the person, and the punishment was commensurate with the offense, and they avoided excesses and negligence in this regard. He never punished with personal intentions and explained the reason for the punishment to the offender and his encouragement and punishment was in an appropriate manner.

En el presente artículo defino los desafíos a la solidaridad en la era de la globalización en términos de las limitaciones impuestas a ella por: a) la estructura y los valores del capitalismo global, b) la pertenencia política al Estado-Nación y c) la pertenencia a grupos culturales que no permiten la autorreflexión, el aprendizaje y el cambio. A partir de la Filosofía para Hacer las Paces de Martínez Guzmán, re-defino en seguida el ser político desde nuestras competencias humanas para la extensión de la solidaridad a los extranjeros: a) la capacidad de comunicación y comprensión mutua, b) la capacidad de reconocimiento del otro y c) la capacidad de cooperación. Al final, aplico esa comprensión revisada del ser político para delinear los cambios institucionales políticos necesarios para la extensión de la solidaridad: a) una esfera pública global, b) una política doméstica global y c) una constitución para la sociedad mundial.

Winner, Audre Rapoport Prize for Scholarship on Gender and Human Rights (2019). Shireen Jalali-Yazdi is a recent graduate of the Dual BA Program between Columbia University and Sciences Po, where she majored in Social Sciences and Human Rights with concentrations in Law and Women's and Gender Studies. ; This paper argues that the colonial conditions faced by African American men contribute to the construction of feminicidal masculinities. Feminicide—the killing of women because they are women—has received increased international focus but has largely eluded political, academic, and public consciousness in the United States. This despite the fact that the United States shows alarming rates of violence against women, particularly intimate partner violence. A 2017 report from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention shows that female homicide rates for African American women are higher than those of other races and ethnicities and that these feminicides are overwhelmingly committed by African American men known to the victim. One of the major goals of this paper is to disabuse scholars and policymakers of notions of pathological blackness that dehistoricize the conditions of African American livelihood and disengage the State from fulfilling its duty to provide civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights to its citizens. To do this I present a feminist decolonial intersectional framework of the killing of African American women and use it to undermine culturalist and racial explanations for the prevalence of feminicide in African American communities. ; Law