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The popular discourse of democratic education is home to numerous myths surrounding our conceptions of what inclusion means in today's schools. Certain beliefs like the idea that offering equal opportunities for participation to all students regardless of individual need, which conflates equality and equity, or that democracy in classrooms involves nothing more than limitless inclusion are upheld as go-to solutions for the inevitable dilemmas for educators committed to inclusion. This paper argues that philosophical clarification of the concept of inclusion is urgently required by teachers, policy makers, and theorists of education committed to both democracy in education and democratic education. Our most urgent concern is related to the inherent attitude toward deficit implied by different understandings of inclusion. This is not necessarily due to the unclarities and ambiguities associated with the concept itself, but rather reflect the calculated and anticipatory way educators tend to approach classroom practice. We argue that with careful philosophical clarification, along with an entirely new stance on the part of teachers regarding their pedagogical practice and a reconceptualized notion of student 'needs', the concept of inclusion can continue to remain not only useful but essential to creating a robust democratic community in the classroom. ; peer-reviewed

The aim of this paper is to report on, and examine the impacts of, a skills shortage as a constraint on entrepreneurial development in the townships, specifically that of Khayelitsha, and to identify tools that are essential for the Small, Medium and Micro enterprise (SMMEs) businesses, in Khayelitsha. These skills are critical for the future development of the area. The research design employed in data gathering for this study was both qualitative and quantitative, and the questionnaires used required participants to answer open and closed ended questions. The review reveals, among other factors, a lack of a skilled workforce facing these businesses, and the recommendations made could lead to an empowering tool necessary for business ventures and entrepreneurs to succeed.

How to cite this article: Spencer, J.P. & Jessa, S. (2014). A creative tourism approach to the cultural-heritage re- generation of District Six, Cape Town. African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, 20(4:1), 1455-1472. ; The survey aimed at determining whether the potential existed for further developing cultural and heritage tourism activities in the redeveloping District Six. A past, rich and diverse in culturalheritage, provided the basis from which the study examines whether the implementation of a cultural-heritage tourism plan in the area, if appropriate, would help address issues of restitution and ultimately contribute to the country?s cultural, heritage and tourism asset-base. Currently no formal tourism plan exists for District Six. A historical study provided an assessment of the areas? cultural and heritage assets, manifested in politics, music and dance, art, literature, and architecture. A search of existing cultural and heritage tourism literature was conducted in order to gain insight into the descriptive, theoretical and conceptual study questions identified. Relevant development policies and frameworks impacting and supporting potential tourism development in the area were examined. These included the Development Framework for District Six (2011) and the National Heritage Tourism Strategy (2012). Creative tourism was further examined as a tool to augment the tourism product and positively contribute to cultural regeneration. Business and functional linkages to assist the integration of District Six tourism into the broader economy were also identified. A comparative analysis of the introduction of a cultural-heritage tourism plan in Genadendal was made, an area which experienced similar sociopolitical and historical conditions as District Six. Parallels of the potential challenges were drawn and opportunities identified. Furthermore, an empirical survey in the form of in-depth interviews was administered during 2013 to seventeen relevant academics, heritage and tourism practitioners, resident representatives and development consultants. The methodology included obtaining qualitative data through transcribing interviews and thematically presenting and analysing the data.

Tourism is a fast growing industry and has the potential for poverty alleviation for rural persons. Butha-Buthe is located in a rural area of Lesotho with magnificent mountain scenery, attractions to be promoted, and adventure activities to be experienced. However, tourism in Butha-Buthe is under-developed, and it is very important to identify tourism's potential in this area, and explore how small, medium and micro enterprises (SMMEs) could contribute to the development of the industry. The study examines the economic role of small, medium and micro enterprises towards the development of tourism in Butha-Buthe. Challenges faced by the SMMEs include lack of resources, poor infrastructure and roads, transportation, and a lack of network communications. Other challenges would be poor business skills in regard to employment and management, which leads to business failures. Questionnaires were distributed to local entrepreneurs in Butha-Buthe, conveniently chosen community members, local government officials, and other stakeholders in the district. A comprehensive literature review was also undertaken in order to establish the SMME situation in selected African and other developing countries. The questionnaires were analysed which allowed for conclusions and recommendations based on the findings. These findings revealed that there is a huge potential for tourism development in Butha-Buthe through the SMME sector, but that there are still challenges faced by the sector in this district, despite the economic contributions they make. However, through the anticipated support of the government (with good policies and policy implementation) and private sectors, these challenges could be dealt with.

This article investigated the Eastern Rwanda community's involvement in tourism and conservation activities in and around Akagera National Park. The study aimed at exploring the extent of community involvement in tourism development and conservation activities in Eastern Rwanda in 2009, following the 1994 devastating genocide. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information from local communities, while interviews were conducted with key participants from the RDB (Rwanda Development Board) Tourism and Conservation Department, and other local government officials. The study found that local communities adjacent to the Akagera National Park have been marginalised by RDB-TC and that they are not happy with the treatment received from RDB-TC. The article argues that for RDB and the Government of Rwanda to better manage the natural resources within the Akagera National Park in order to promote tourism and community development, a participatory approach must be adopted to provide adequate powers to local communities in the decision making process.

This article briefly explores the development of tourism in Tanzania and then focuses primarily on relevant tourism policies adopted by the Tanzanian Government in order to grow the industry in a sustainable manner. Although these policies have been effective for a decade since their introduction, indications are that they are now falling short of expectations. A bureaucratic style of government as well as the apparent incompatibility of sustainable tourism policies and subsistence farming on communal-land, count among the main reasons for the possible collapse of the policies. With the main emphasis on economic gains, both environmental sustainability and socio cultural aspects have been assigned a much lower priority. The article explores the main problem areas that have emerged in recent years, and briefly looks at similar policies in other African countries for possible solutions

".the Speech of Ex-Governor John P. Altgeld of Illinois, delivered before the Ohio Association of Democratic Clubs at Toledo, August 1, 1900." ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Labadie Pamphlet Collection.

Writers pledge to be sponsors of Cadet J. W. Syme during his time at the Academy.

Apologizes for his misconduct and asks to be allowed to remain at the Academy. ; Transcription by Raymond Bouchard. Transcriptions may be subject to error.