Suchergebnisse

Using the revised risk coefficients recommended by the 1990 report of the International Commission of Radiological Protection (ICRP), computations have been made on the minimum databases required for detecting radiogenic cancer excesses from epidemiological surveys of populations exposed to low level radiations. The computations have been made separately for Indian and Western populations using their representative demographic data. The western database requirements are generally found to be about half the Indian requirement.For the exposures in high background radiation areas at the rate of say 5 mSv/y, the minimum required database is 121,500 person years, in the Indian case. Similarly, for Indian occupational workers exposed at the rate of say, 10 mSv/y, it is required to observe 30,000 persons for the first 40 years or 3600 persons over their entire lifetime for obtaining statistically significant results.

The shift in the marital structure of Nepal between 1961 and 1971 has been analysed, and its implications for the CBR in 1971, Although there has been a slight increase in the age at marriage, over 90% of Nepali women were married by the ages of 20–24 years in 1971 and the overall marital structure of 1971 is more favourable to a higher CBR than the structure at the beginning of the decade. This is primarily due to a decline in the incidence of widowhood which has increased the proportions of potential child-bearing women and consequently the number of births. Thus shifts in the marital structure between 1961 and 1971 could have provided little impetus to a decline in the CBR of the country.

This book provides a basic understanding and state-of-the-art of urban metabolism. Urban centres are increasingly challenged by population increase and the resultant environmental concerns including the urban sprawl and climate change. Different patterns of urbanization contribute to the changing climate via. differences in their urban metabolism represented by energy and matter. Urban metabolic studies in terms of energy and material inflows, outflows, and stocks can be associated with traditional evaluation techniques to help assess the magnitude and potential effects of variety of environmental challenges the world is facing today. Urban centres are critical real time observatories that indicate the impact anthropogenic activities have on global biogeochemical cycles. Urban processes have significant and lasting impacts on the global carbon budget. The technological and infrastructural advancements have fuelled an increase in urban inputs and outputs of material and energy. Therefore, more sustainable approaches need to be adopted in changing scenarios for urban planning, particularly for sustainable resource utilization and better waste management practices. The book emphasises on the sustainability in urban metabolism, sustainable urban planning, ecosystem services, and disaster resilience to provide an interdisciplinary understanding of urban metabolism. The book also identifies an urgent need to develop new methodological approaches for real time and reliable evaluation of urban metabolism.

Urban Metabolism and Global Climate Change: An overview -- Interlinkages between Urban Metabolism and Sustainability: An overview -- Urban Metabolism - An Analytical approach for enhancing resilience -- Urban metabolism to understand changes in urban ecology: a case of Bengaluru -- City core and Urban sprawl -- Adaptive reuse of historic buildings: an ecological indicator -- Integrating ecological and social concepts for urban metabolism studies -- Sustainable urban metabolism and urban planning -- Urban metabolism in the circular bio-economy of tomorrow -- Closing the Urban Waste Loop: Delivering Environmental and Financial Sustainability -- Transitioning Urban Agriculture to a Circular Metabolism at a Neighbourhood Level -- Eight years to go, to meet the SDG targets: Waste management as enabler and enabled -- Emerging approaches for sustainable urban metabolism -- Species Selection in Urban Forestry - towards Urban Metabolism -- Geospatial analyses for urban metabolism and climate change work -- Smart Urban Metabolism: A Big-data and Machine Learning Perspective -- Policy initiatives on urban metabolism in Ghana (2002-2021). .