Suchergebnisse

Abstract
Although negotiations over the competing claims of honour (timê) and awards of instantiated honours (timai) were central features of Athenian democracy, the dangerous ambiguities of philotimia meant that only from the 340s BC were the Athenians explicitly embracing this love of honour and celebrating its display by citizens and non-citizens alike. Here I argue that a close reading of Xenophon's treatise on cavalry command, Hipparchikos, advances our understanding of this embrace of public-spirited honour in three ways. First, Xenophon founds the success of the cavalry on the training of knowledgeable officers who are able to harness the Athenians' extraordinary love of honour, on display and on campaign. Second, he reveals the diverse roles played by timê and philotimia throughout the entire institution of the Athenian cavalry, fostering competitive excellence as well as community amongst cavalry, polis, and gods. Third, Xenophon's arguments about the nature and negotiation of Athenian honour anticipate the ideological and institutional embrace of citizen honour that, amply attested by epigraphic and literary records, was central to Athenian flourishing during the Lycurgan and Hellenistic eras.

Materialgrundlage dieses Beitrags ist ein Gespräch mit einer jungen Polin deutsch-polnischer Herkunft über ihre biographischen Erfahrungen in Polen. Diese Erfahrungen sind geprägt durch das Leiden unter einer Mehrkulturalität, bei der die beteiligten Kulturen eine durch Krieg, Vertreibung und Vernichtung bestimmte gemeinsame Geschichte und aufgrund der Verbrechen der NS-Zeit und der Verfolgung der Deutschen im Polen der Nachkriegszeit eine von Haß und Feindseligkeit geprägte Beziehung zueinander entwickelt haben. Bei der Darstellung ihrer biographischen Entwicklung zeigt die Informantin in exemplarischer Weise die Probleme auf, die mit der Ausbildung einer ethnisch-kulturellen Identität unter solchen Bedingungen verbunden sind und die eine eindeutige kulturelle Selbstdefinition verhindern. Über ihre problembelastete Erfahrung und die daraus entwickelte ambivalente Haltung den Deutschen gegenüber spricht die Informantin über weite Strecken nicht direkt und explizit, sondern andeutungsweise und 'verschleiernd'. Ziel der Analyse ist es, die komplexe Selbstverortung der Informantin zu rekonstruieren und die Formulierungsverfahren zu beschreiben, die sie verwendet, um einerseits die Bedeutung der 'versteckten' Hintergründe für ihre biographische Entwicklung plausibel zu machen und um andererseits beide Gesprächspartnerinnen vor einer "Face"-bedrohenden Aktivierung des problematischen interkulturellen Potentials zu schützen. Der Fall ist ein gutes Beispiel dafür, wie man über belastende Erfahrungen sprechen kann unter Gesprächsbedingungen, für die ein Aspekt dieser Erfahrungen konstitutiv ist.

Violence in modern Africa is still often explained in the West as a result of persistent primitivism and tribalism in African cultures. This culturalist view of African conflict appears in some scholarly work as well as in much of popular culture, including the media. What such analysis misses is that European colonialism in Africa fostered non-modern, ethnically based societies through indirect rule, and post-colonial governments have largely relied on versions of the colonial system to maintain their power. Moreover, interventions by the West in post-colonial African affairs have only infrequently helped to reduce ethnic tensions. More commonly, Western intervention has been ineffective and selfserving and Western governments have been able to obscure their actions because of popular ignorance of African culture and history. African tribalism is real, but it is much more a result of modern historical events than age-old hatreds. Greater understanding of African history and culture and greater care for Africa can result in reduction of ethnic violence.

Spending days alongside sharks is just an unavoidable part of the gig, says Russell Kerr, a Canadian biochemist and bioprospector who scours nature for molecules with healing properties and powers. Kerr focuses almost exclusively on marine life; bioprospecting on land, he notes, is old hat, while oceans still remain largely untapped. In 2007, a year into his professorship at the University of Prince Edward Island, Kerr co-founded Nautilus biosciences Canada to capitalize on his academic work's commercial potential and further develop the compounds that he and his university team have uncovered in the field. Projects have included coral-dwelling fungi that could be used to alleviate pain, a marine microbe that attacks cancer cells, and a bacterium that produces a molecule with moisturizing properties. In a recent conversation with Foreign Policy, Kerr revealed the tools of his life aquatic. Adapted from the source document.

International audience ; The central question of this chapter is about socio-historical implications of colonialism for ways of dealing with deviance in the metropoles. Postcolonial studies metaphorically talk about the colonies as "laboratories" of modern societies. Indeed, a series of political reforms and interventions aiming at society as a whole or, to put it more strongly, at creating the "ideal society", have been experimented with in the colonies. The historical development of the European metropole was heavily affected by the colonial experience (either simultaneously or with some time-delay), an insight that leads to rejecting any assumption of a uni-directional "modernisation"-flow.We will see that there are obvious continuities in terms of social thought. Concrete connections between organizational, institutional and juridical forms of dealing with deviance are more difficult to describe in clear-cut terms, if we do not want to fall into simplistic accounts of a complex story. In the conclusion, we will have to reconsider Baumann's claim that the Holocaust has to be understood as the product of modern society and of a highly developed civilization.