Suchergebnisse

The present research analyzed the trust of juvenile and women prisoners in the criminal justice system of Pakistan with a focus upon the perceived legitimacy and effectiveness of justice institutions for procedural and distributive fairness. Data were collected from both under-trial and convicted juvenile and women prisoners from Borstal Institute and District Jail Faisalabad respectively. Although larger proportions of the respondents recognized and accepted the authority of various justice institutions for rule of law, a significant number of respondents viewed that justice institutions protect the interests of powerful people and do not represent moral authority. Police lacked the trust of the respondents for procedural fairness in terms of respect, impartiality, and fair treatment. However, courts have been trusted for impartiality and fair treatment compared to police and other justice institutions. The logistic results indicated educational attainment, age, prison status, and income level differently influenced experiences of the prisoners towards procedural and distributive fairness of justice institutions. Younger, illiterate, and under-trial prisoners with relatively low household income levels had low perceived legitimacy of justice institutions and less trust in the criminal justice system. Low scoring on socio-economic variables seemed to be related to increased vulnerability of the prisoners, in turn, less trust in the criminal justice system.

The status of French in Egypt has always been dependent on the general political situation of the country. Although the French language was never recognized as an official language in Egypt, it has long been considered the first foreign language of international communication. As a result, it was given a privileged and unique status in the major cities of the country such as Cairo and Alexandria. This study's objective is to use the Leprette collection to reveal and analyze the role of France in the Egyptian public education during the 20th century, more precisely between 1919 and 1956.By his position as a teacher then as an inspector, Fernand Leprette was in contact with all the teachers of the French language (French and Egyptian), attentively collecting their testimonies and responding to their requests. His correspondence with the French teachers, his reports of his visits to the various educational establishments in the country, his notes, his articles and his reports, are all sources of information. The pivotal position of Fernand Leprette between the Egyptian francophone literary life and the national educational network, allowed him to have a careful look on the level of French in Egypt and the importance of its presence. In 1922 and as a consequence of the British occupation, the inspectors of National Education and the French authorities were deeply concerned when they noted the low level of students in French. For all of them, reformations were needed, which required new regulations regarding the teaching and learning of this language. It is in this context that our research is situated; it aims to follow the evolution of French in Egypt since its implantation, at the beginning of the 19th century, until 1956. And this is through the role played by Fernand Leprette at the Ministry of Public Instruction. ; Le statut du français en Égypte a toujours été lié à la situation politique générale du pays. Bien que la langue française n'ait jamais été reconnue comme langue officielle en Égypte, elle a longtemps été considérée comme la première langue étrangère de communication internationale. De ce fait, elle a bénéficié d'un statut privilégié et unique dans les grandes villes du pays telles que Le Caire et Alexandrie. Cette étude s'est donnée pour objectif d'utiliser le fonds Leprette pour faire apparaître et analyser le rôle de la France dans l'enseignement public égyptien au cours du XXe siècle, plus précisément entre 1919 et 1956. Enseignant, puis inspecteur, Fernand Leprette a été en relation avec l'ensemble des enseignants de français (français et égyptiens), recueillant attentivement leurs témoignages et répondant à leurs demandes. Sa correspondance avec les enseignants de français, ses rapports de visites dans les différents établissements éducatifs du pays, ses notes, ses articles et ses comptes-rendus, sont autant de sources d'informations. La position de Fernand Leprette, entre vie littéraire francophone égyptienne et réseau éducatif national, lui permettait d'avoir un regard averti sur le niveau du français en Égypte et sur l'ampleur de sa présence. En 1922 et comme conséquence de l'occupation britannique, c'est un malaise profond que vivaient les inspecteurs de l'Éducation nationale et les autorités françaises, en constatant le bas niveau des étudiants en français. Pour tous, des réformes s'imposaient, qui nécessitaient de nouvelles réglementations concernant l'enseignement et l'apprentissage de cette langue. C'est dans ce cadre que se situe notre recherche qui se propose de suivre l'évolution du français en Égypte depuis son implantation, au début du XIXe siècle, jusqu'en 1956. Et cela à travers le rôle qu'a eu Fernand Leprette au ministère de l'Instruction publique.

The status of French in Egypt has always been dependent on the general political situation of the country. Although the French language was never recognized as an official language in Egypt, it has long been considered the first foreign language of international communication. As a result, it was given a privileged and unique status in the major cities of the country such as Cairo and Alexandria. This study's objective is to use the Leprette collection to reveal and analyze the role of France in the Egyptian public education during the 20th century, more precisely between 1919 and 1956.By his position as a teacher then as an inspector, Fernand Leprette was in contact with all the teachers of the French language (French and Egyptian), attentively collecting their testimonies and responding to their requests. His correspondence with the French teachers, his reports of his visits to the various educational establishments in the country, his notes, his articles and his reports, are all sources of information. The pivotal position of Fernand Leprette between the Egyptian francophone literary life and the national educational network, allowed him to have a careful look on the level of French in Egypt and the importance of its presence. In 1922 and as a consequence of the British occupation, the inspectors of National Education and the French authorities were deeply concerned when they noted the low level of students in French. For all of them, reformations were needed, which required new regulations regarding the teaching and learning of this language. It is in this context that our research is situated; it aims to follow the evolution of French in Egypt since its implantation, at the beginning of the 19th century, until 1956. And this is through the role played by Fernand Leprette at the Ministry of Public Instruction. ; Le statut du français en Égypte a toujours été lié à la situation politique générale du pays. Bien que la langue française n'ait jamais été reconnue comme langue officielle en Égypte, elle a longtemps été considérée comme la première langue étrangère de communication internationale. De ce fait, elle a bénéficié d'un statut privilégié et unique dans les grandes villes du pays telles que Le Caire et Alexandrie. Cette étude s'est donnée pour objectif d'utiliser le fonds Leprette pour faire apparaître et analyser le rôle de la France dans l'enseignement public égyptien au cours du XXe siècle, plus précisément entre 1919 et 1956. Enseignant, puis inspecteur, Fernand Leprette a été en relation avec l'ensemble des enseignants de français (français et égyptiens), recueillant attentivement leurs témoignages et répondant à leurs demandes. Sa correspondance avec les enseignants de français, ses rapports de visites dans les différents établissements éducatifs du pays, ses notes, ses articles et ses comptes-rendus, sont autant de sources d'informations. La position de Fernand Leprette, entre vie littéraire francophone égyptienne et réseau éducatif national, lui permettait d'avoir un regard averti sur le niveau du français en Égypte et sur l'ampleur de sa présence. En 1922 et comme conséquence de l'occupation britannique, c'est un malaise profond que vivaient les inspecteurs de l'Éducation nationale et les autorités françaises, en constatant le bas niveau des étudiants en français. Pour tous, des réformes s'imposaient, qui nécessitaient de nouvelles réglementations concernant l'enseignement et l'apprentissage de cette langue. C'est dans ce cadre que se situe notre recherche qui se propose de suivre l'évolution du français en Égypte depuis son implantation, au début du XIXe siècle, jusqu'en 1956. Et cela à travers le rôle qu'a eu Fernand Leprette au ministère de l'Instruction publique.

The status of French in Egypt has always been dependent on the general political situation of the country. Although the French language was never recognized as an official language in Egypt, it has long been considered the first foreign language of international communication. As a result, it was given a privileged and unique status in the major cities of the country such as Cairo and Alexandria. This study's objective is to use the Leprette collection to reveal and analyze the role of France in the Egyptian public education during the 20th century, more precisely between 1919 and 1956.By his position as a teacher then as an inspector, Fernand Leprette was in contact with all the teachers of the French language (French and Egyptian), attentively collecting their testimonies and responding to their requests. His correspondence with the French teachers, his reports of his visits to the various educational establishments in the country, his notes, his articles and his reports, are all sources of information. The pivotal position of Fernand Leprette between the Egyptian francophone literary life and the national educational network, allowed him to have a careful look on the level of French in Egypt and the importance of its presence. In 1922 and as a consequence of the British occupation, the inspectors of National Education and the French authorities were deeply concerned when they noted the low level of students in French. For all of them, reformations were needed, which required new regulations regarding the teaching and learning of this language. It is in this context that our research is situated; it aims to follow the evolution of French in Egypt since its implantation, at the beginning of the 19th century, until 1956. And this is through the role played by Fernand Leprette at the Ministry of Public Instruction. ; Le statut du français en Égypte a toujours été lié à la situation politique générale du pays. Bien que la langue française n'ait jamais été reconnue comme langue officielle en Égypte, elle a longtemps été considérée comme la première langue étrangère de communication internationale. De ce fait, elle a bénéficié d'un statut privilégié et unique dans les grandes villes du pays telles que Le Caire et Alexandrie. Cette étude s'est donnée pour objectif d'utiliser le fonds Leprette pour faire apparaître et analyser le rôle de la France dans l'enseignement public égyptien au cours du XXe siècle, plus précisément entre 1919 et 1956. Enseignant, puis inspecteur, Fernand Leprette a été en relation avec l'ensemble des enseignants de français (français et égyptiens), recueillant attentivement leurs témoignages et répondant à leurs demandes. Sa correspondance avec les enseignants de français, ses rapports de visites dans les différents établissements éducatifs du pays, ses notes, ses articles et ses comptes-rendus, sont autant de sources d'informations. La position de Fernand Leprette, entre vie littéraire francophone égyptienne et réseau éducatif national, lui permettait d'avoir un regard averti sur le niveau du français en Égypte et sur l'ampleur de sa présence. En 1922 et comme conséquence de l'occupation britannique, c'est un malaise profond que vivaient les inspecteurs de l'Éducation nationale et les autorités françaises, en constatant le bas niveau des étudiants en français. Pour tous, des réformes s'imposaient, qui nécessitaient de nouvelles réglementations concernant l'enseignement et l'apprentissage de cette langue. C'est dans ce cadre que se situe notre recherche qui se propose de suivre l'évolution du français en Égypte depuis son implantation, au début du XIXe siècle, jusqu'en 1956. Et cela à travers le rôle qu'a eu Fernand Leprette au ministère de l'Instruction publique.

Au Liban, « le fait de remettre en cause le partage confessionnel du pouvoir est un sujet sensible », estime Khalil Bouzidi.

The status of French in Egypt has always been dependent on the general political situation of the country. Although the French language was never recognized as an official language in Egypt, it has long been considered the first foreign language of international communication. As a result, it was given a privileged and unique status in the major cities of the country such as Cairo and Alexandria. This study's objective is to use the Leprette collection to reveal and analyze the role of France in the Egyptian public education during the 20th century, more precisely between 1919 and 1956.By his position as a teacher then as an inspector, Fernand Leprette was in contact with all the teachers of the French language (French and Egyptian), attentively collecting their testimonies and responding to their requests. His correspondence with the French teachers, his reports of his visits to the various educational establishments in the country, his notes, his articles and his reports, are all sources of information. The pivotal position of Fernand Leprette between the Egyptian francophone literary life and the national educational network, allowed him to have a careful look on the level of French in Egypt and the importance of its presence. In 1922 and as a consequence of the British occupation, the inspectors of National Education and the French authorities were deeply concerned when they noted the low level of students in French. For all of them, reformations were needed, which required new regulations regarding the teaching and learning of this language. It is in this context that our research is situated; it aims to follow the evolution of French in Egypt since its implantation, at the beginning of the 19th century, until 1956. And this is through the role played by Fernand Leprette at the Ministry of Public Instruction. ; Le statut du français en Égypte a toujours été lié à la situation politique générale du pays. Bien que la langue française n'ait jamais été reconnue comme langue officielle en Égypte, elle a ...