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Intro -- Preface -- Organization -- Contents -- Election Security and Economics: It's All About Eve -- 1 Introduction -- 2 General Approaches -- 2.1 Information Security -- 2.2 Economics -- 3 Voting Protocols -- 3.1 Simple Voting Protocol -- 3.2 Random Sample Elections -- 4 Information Security Analysis -- 4.1 Adversary -- 4.2 Security Properties -- 5 Economic Perspective -- 5.1 Economic Analysis -- 5.2 Implicit Security Properties -- 5.3 Vote Buying -- 6 Outlook -- References -- Cryptographic Security Analysis of E-voting Systems: Achievements, Misconceptions, and Limitations -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Verifiability -- 2.1 E2E Verifiability -- 2.2 Individual and Universal Verifiability -- 2.3 Not Sufficient -- 2.4 Not Necessary -- 3 Accountability -- 4 Coercion-Resistance and Privacy -- 5 Limitations of Cryptographic Security Analysis -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Voting in E-Participation: A Set of Requirements to Support Accountability and Trust by Electoral Committees -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Background: The Elections to the Austrian Federation of Students -- 1.2 Relevance for the Electoral Committees and Accountability -- 1.3 Structure of the Paper -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Deduction of Requirements -- 2.2 Literature Research for Solutions -- 3 Requirements Based on Literature -- 3.1 Legal Requirements at a Glance: The Embedded Case Studies -- 3.2 Requirements for Trust by Electoral Committees -- 3.3 Requirements for Accountability -- 4 Discussion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- The Weakness of Cumulative Voting -- 1 Introduction -- 2 When Should Voters Split Their Votes? -- 3 Voter Utility -- 4 A Continuity Assumption -- 5 Related Voting Systems -- 6 Single Non-transferable Votes -- 7 Alternative Electoral Systems -- 8 Conclusions and Further Work -- References.

Intro -- Preface -- Organization -- Contents -- E-Democracy and E-Participation -- Voter Authentication in Remote Electronic Voting Governmental Experiences: Requirements and Practices -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Equal Suffrage and Voter Authentication: Legal Requirements -- 3 Voter Authentication in Practice: Governmental Experiences -- 3.1 Knowledge-Based Voter Authentication Methods -- 3.2 Biometric-Based Voter Authentication Methods -- 3.3 Combinations: Ownership- and Knowledge-Based Voter Authentication Methods -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Using Open Government Data to Facilitate the Design of Voting Advice Applications -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Related Work -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Proposed System -- 4 Case Study -- 4.1 Data -- 4.2 Experiments -- 5 Results and Discussion -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Investigating Trust and Risk Perceptions in a Hybrid Citizen Journey -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Research Background -- 2.1 Trust and E-Government -- 2.2 Citizen Journeys as Analytical Tool -- 3 Methodology -- 4 Findings -- 5 Discussion -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- ICT and Sustainability -- Applications of Data-Driven Policymaking in the Local Energy Transition: A Multiple-case Study in the Netherlands -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Overview -- 2.1 Data-Driven Policymaking -- 2.2 Purposes of Applications that Support the Policymaking Cycle -- 2.3 Type of Data Analytics -- 2.4 Stakeholder Engagement -- 3 Case Study Methodology -- 4 Results Case Studies -- 4.1 Background: Local Energy Transition in the Netherlands -- 4.2 Amsterdam -- 4.3 Rotterdam -- 4.4 The Hague -- 4.5 Utrecht -- 5 Findings and Discussion -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- The Great Divide: Empirical Evidence of a Decoupling of Digital Transformation and Sustainability -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Previous Research -- 3 Method and Analysis -- 4 Results -- 5 Discussion.

This book constitutes the proceedings of the 14th IFIP WG 8.5 International Conference on Electronic Participation, ePart 2022, held in Linkoping, Sweden, during September 68, 2022, in conjunction with IFIP WG 8.5 Electronic Government (EGOV 2022), and 1the Conference for E-Democracy and Open Government Conference (CeDEM 2022). The 12 full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 26 submissions. The papers are clustered under the following topical sections: E-democracy and e-participation; ICT & sustainability; digital and social media; legal informatics; and digital society.

Intro -- Preface -- Organization -- Contents -- Provably Improving Election Verifiability in Belenios -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Preliminaries -- 2.1 Introduction to Belenios -- 2.2 Election Verifiability and Attacks on Belenios -- 3 Towards Improved Election Verifiability -- 3.1 Protection Against Ballot Reordering -- 3.2 Protection Against a Corrupted Registrar -- 3.3 Putting the Labels Together -- 4 Specification and Verification -- 4.1 Specifying Protocols in Tamarin -- 4.2 Specification and Verification of Belenios+ -- 5 Conclusion and Future Work -- References -- Improving the Accuracy of Ballot Scanners Using Supervised Learning -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Related Work -- 3 Methods -- 3.1 Data -- 3.2 Baseline Model -- 3.3 CNN Model -- 3.4 Differences for Pueblo Dataset -- 4 Evaluation and Results -- 4.1 Baseline Model Performance -- 4.2 CNN Model Performance -- 4.3 Computational Costs -- 4.4 Hybrid Models -- 4.5 Optimized Baseline Model -- 4.6 Pueblo Test Results -- 5 Discussion -- 5.1 Future Work -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- STROBE-Voting: Send Two, Receive One Ballot Encoding -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Sample Methodology -- 3 Undervotes -- 4 A Detailed Example -- 5 Single-Ballot Variations -- 6 Usability -- 7 Hybrid Voting Systems -- 8 Attacks -- 9 Conclusions -- References -- Assertion-Based Approaches to Auditing Complex Elections, with Application to Party-List Proportional Elections -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Assertion-Based Auditing: Properties and Challenges -- 1.2 Assorters -- 1.3 Risk-Limiting Audits Using SHANGRLA: Pulling It All Together -- 1.4 Party-List Proportional Representation Contests -- 1.5 Related Work and Our Contribution -- 2 Preliminaries -- 2.1 Nomenclature and Notation for Assertion-Based Election Audits -- 2.2 Assertion-Based Auditing: Definitions -- 2.3 Example Assertions and Assorters.

Intro -- Preface -- Organization -- Contents -- Shifting the Balance-of-Power in STV Elections -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Preliminaries -- 3 Finding n-Seat Senate Manipulations -- 3.1 Finding Manipulations with Local Search -- 3.2 Choosing a Best Combination of Manipulations -- 4 Case Studies -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Random Errors Are Not Necessarily Politically Neutral -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Background on STV Counting -- 2.1 The Single Transferable Vote (STV) Counting Algorithm -- 2.2 Australian Vote Digitisation in Practice -- 3 Experimental Design -- 3.1 Analysis Code -- 3.2 Error Models -- 4 What Is a Realistic Error Rate? -- 4.1 Using Data from the Australian Electoral Commission -- 4.2 Informal Experiment -- 4.3 What Is the State of the Art in Digit Recognition Error Rate? -- 4.4 Analysing the Election Data (NOT Simulations) to Infer the Error rate -- 5 Results -- 5.1 Results from Truncation and Digit Error Models -- 5.2 Pairwise Digit Error Model -- 5.3 Sharp Transitions -- 5.4 Why Random Errors Affect Different Candidates Differently (Tasmania 2016) -- 5.5 Varying the Formality Requirements -- 5.6 Truncation of Preferences -- 6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Tripped at the Finishing Line: The Åland Islands Internet Voting Project -- 1 Introduction: Three Contextual Questions -- 1.1 What Are the Åland Islands and How Does Their Electoral System Operate? -- 1.2 Why Were the Åland Islands Attempting to Use Internet Voting? -- 1.3 Why Are We Writing This Paper? -- 2 Stakeholders and Models of Failure -- 3 Methodology -- 4 Data Analysis -- 5 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- Revisiting Practical and Usable Coercion-Resistant Remote E-Voting -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Analysis of NV12: Attacks and Problems -- 2.1 The Scheme: -- 2.2 Attacks -- 2.3 Security Problems -- 3 Protocol Description -- 3.1 Paillier Instantiation.

Intro -- Preface -- Organization -- Contents -- Computing the Margin of Victory in Preferential Parliamentary Elections -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Notation -- 1.2 Summary of Results -- 1.3 Auditing and Accuracy Testing in Elections -- 2 Background -- 2.1 Computing Margins for an IRV Election -- 3 Calculating the Number of Votes to Change a Parliamentary Election Outcome -- 4 Results -- 5 Conclusion -- A Full List of Margins for the NSW 2015 State Election -- B Modified margin-irv: Computing the MOVC -- B.1 The DISTANCETO MIP -- References -- Ballot-Polling Risk Limiting Audits for IRV Elections -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Related Work -- 3 Preliminaries -- 4 Ballot-Polling Risk-Limiting Audits for FPTP -- 5 Ballot-Polling Risk-Limiting Audits for IRV -- 5.1 Auditing a Particular Elimination Order -- 5.2 Simultaneous Elimination -- 5.3 Winner only Auditing -- 5.4 A General Algorithm for Finding Efficient RLAs for IRV -- 6 Computational Results -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- The Threat of SSL/TLS Stripping to Online Voting -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Motivation -- 3 The Threat of TLS Stripping to Online Elections -- 3.1 Role of TLS in Online Elections -- 3.2 TLS Stripping -- 3.3 HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS) -- 3.4 HSTS Preload List -- 3.5 Communicating Voting Website URLs -- 4 Study of HSTS Preload Adoption in Election-Related Websites -- 4.1 Election Websites -- 4.2 Online Voting Vendor Websites -- 4.3 Election Agencies -- 4.4 Voter Registration Websites -- 5 Barriers to Adoption -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Modular Formalisation and Verification of STV Algorithms -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Generic STV Machine -- 2.1 The Machine States and Transitions -- 2.2 The Small-Step Semantics -- 2.3 The Generic STV Machine -- 2.4 Progress via the Applicability Conditions -- 3 Formalisation of the Generic Machine in Coq.

Intro -- Preface -- Organization -- Contents -- Preventing Coercion in E-Voting: Be Open and Commit -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Game-Theoretic Preliminaries -- 2.1 Strategic Games -- 2.2 Solution Concepts -- 2.3 Pure Vs. Mixed Strategies -- 3 A Simple Game Model of Coercion -- 3.1 Players, Strategies, Utilities -- 3.2 Coercion Against Perfect Protection -- 3.3 Coercion Game for Breakable Protection -- 4 Coercion with Incomplete Information -- 4.1 Bayesian Game for Coercion -- 4.2 Uniform Probabilistic Beliefs -- 4.3 Normal Probabilistic Beliefs -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Automatic Margin Computation for Risk-Limiting Audits -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Risk-Limiting Audits and Election Margins -- 3 Software Bounded Model Checking -- 4 Automated Margin Computation Using SBMC -- 5 Margin Computation for the D'Hondt Method -- 6 Using SBMC to Find Parameters in Election Function -- 7 Computing the Margin for National Danish Elections -- 8 Conclusion and Future Work -- References -- E-Voting in Developing Countries -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Need for an Ecological View in E-Voting Research -- 3 Research Method -- 3.1 Literature Sampling -- 3.2 Research Themes Classification -- 4 Findings and Discussion -- 4.1 Descriptive Overview of the Result -- 4.2 The Thematic Landscape of the Current Research -- 5 Recommendations -- 6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- Appendix: List of Articles Included in the Final Dataset -- References -- Truly Multi-authority `Prêt-à-Voter' -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Background -- 1.2 Our Solution -- 1.3 Motivation and Contribution -- 2 Prêt à Voter -- 3 Overview of Our Solution -- 3.1 Differences Compared to a Mixnet -- 4 Variant 1: Human-Computable Permutation -- 5 Variant 2: EBM Assisted Variant -- 6 Practical Matters -- 6.1 Auditing -- 6.2 What Do We Do in Case of Failure? -- 7 Conclusion -- References.

This volume contains the papers presented at E-Vote-ID 2021, the Sixth International Joint Conference on Electronic Voting, held during October 5–8, 2021. Due to the extraordinary situation brought about by the COVID-19, the conference was held online for the second consecutive edition, instead of in the traditional venue in Bregenz, Austria. The E-Vote-ID conference is the result of the merger of the EVOTE and Vote-ID conferences, with first EVOTE conference taking place 17 years ago in Austria. Since that conference in 2004, over 1000 experts have attended the venue, including scholars, practitioners, authorities, electoral managers, vendors, and PhD students. The conference focuses on the most relevant debates on the development of electronic voting, from aspects relating to security and usability through to practical experiences and applications of voting systems, also including legal, social, or political aspects, amongst others, and has turned out to be an important global referent in relation to this ...

Part 5: Big and Open Linked Data ; International audience ; Governments are creating and maintaining increasing amounts of data, and, recently, releasing data as open government data. As the amount of data available increases, so too should the exploitation of this data. However, this potential currently seems to be unexploited. Since exploiting open government data has the potential to create new public value, the absence of this exploitation is something that should be explored. It is therefore timely to investigate how the potential of existing datasets could be unleashed to provide services that create public value. For this purpose, we conducted a literature study and an empirical survey of the relevant drivers, barriers and gaps. Based on the results, we propose a framework that addresses some of the key challenges and puts forward an agile co-production process to support effective data-driven service creation. The proposed framework incorporates elements from agile development, lean startups, co-creation, and open government data literature and aims to increase our understanding on how open government data may be able to drive public service co-creation.

Intro -- Preface -- Organization -- Contents -- Smart Governance, Government and Cities -- Designing Information Marketplaces for Disaster Management -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Informational Challenges in Industrial Disaster Management -- 3 Information Marketplaces for Disaster Management -- 4 Designing an Information Sharing Kit for Crisis Management -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- A Unified Definition of a Smart City -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Conceptualizing Smart Cities -- 3 Frameworks and Rankings of Smart Cities -- 4 A Unified Definition of a Smart City -- 5 Discussion -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Towards a Capabilities Approach to Smart City Management -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Capabilities and the Management of Smart Cities -- 3 Methodology -- 4 Findings -- 4.1 Dynamic Capabilities -- 4.2 Operational Capabilities -- 4.3 Learning and Cultural Capabilities -- 5 Conclusion and Research Agenda -- References -- Towards "Smart Governance" Through a Multidisciplinary Approach to E-government Integration, Interoperability and Information Sharing: A Case of the LMIP Project in South Africa -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Problem Statement and Purpose -- 2.1 Research Question -- 3 Related Work -- 3.1 Key Definitions -- 4 Theoretical Framing -- 5 Methodology -- 5.1 Research Philosophy -- 5.2 Research Design -- 5.3 Data Collection -- 5.4 Data Analysis -- 6 Discussion of Preliminary Results -- References -- Service Delivery -- New Channels, New Possibilities: A Typology and Classification of Social Robots and Their Role in Mu ... -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Generations of Service Channels -- 3 The Fourth Generation of Electronic Channels -- 3.1 Software Agents -- 3.2 Virtual and Virtuality Enhancing Robots -- 3.3 Physical Social Robots -- 4 Characteristics of Intelligent Channels.

Seit Beginn der Pandemie stehen viele Institutionen (inkl. Vereinen, Unternehmen und Behörden) vor der Frage, wie sie ihre Wahlen und geheimen Abstimmungen organisieren sollen – ohne die Gesundheit der Wähler*innen und Wahlhelfer*innen zu gefährden. Einige Wahlverantwortliche haben sich für die Durchführung von Online-Wahlen bzw. digitalen Abstimmungen entschieden. Erfahrungen anderer Wahlverantwortlicher, die bereits vor der Pandemie online gewählt haben, ab es in Deutschland kaum. Vor der Pandemie wurde das Thema Online-Wahlen in Deutschland – bedingt durch das sogenannte Wahlgeräte-Urteil des Bundesverfassungsgerichts (2009) – kaum diskutiert. Nach über einem Jahr Pandemie sieht die Lage anders aus: Inzwischen fanden einige Wahlen und Abstimmungen online statt. Allerdings entsprechen die dazu eingesetzten Systeme häufig nicht dem Stand der Forschung. Für zukünftige Nutzungen von Online-Wahlen und digitalen Abstimmungen (insbesondere auch nach der Pandemie) ist es daher wichtig, dass Wahlverantwortliche, Kandidat*innen und Wähler*innen verstehen, welches Risiko die bisher eingesetzten Systeme mit sich bringen und wie einzelne Entwicklungen im Kontext von Online-Wahlen und digitalen Abstimmungen einzuordnen sind. Nur so können informierte Entscheidungen im Hinblick auf die einzusetzenden Ansätze getroffen und die Demokratie auch in Zukunft geschützt ...

This volume contains papers presented at E-Vote-ID 2021, the Sixth International Joint Conference on Electronic Voting, held during October 5-8, 2021. Due to the extraordinary situation provoked by Covid-19 Pandemic, the conference is held online for second consecutive edition, instead of in the traditional venue in Bregenz, Austria. E-Vote-ID Conference resulted from the merging of EVOTE and Vote-ID and counting up to 17 years since the _rst E-Vote conference in Austria. Since that conference in 2004, over 1000 experts have attended the venue, including scholars, practitioners, authorities, electoral managers, vendors, and PhD Students. The conference collected the most relevant debates on the development of Electronic Voting, from aspects relating to security and usability through to practical experiences and applications of voting systems, also including legal, social or political aspects, amongst others; turning out to be an important global referent in relation to this issue. Also, this year, the conference consisted of: · Security, Usability and Technical Issues Track · Administrative, Legal, Political and Social Issues Track · Election and Practical Experiences Track · PhD Colloquium, Poster and Demo Session on the day before the conference E-VOTE-ID 2021 received 49 submissions, being, each of them, reviewed by 3 to 5 program committee members, using a double blind review process. As a result, 27 papers were accepted for its presentation in the conference. The selected papers cover a wide range of topics connected with electronic voting, including experiences and revisions of the real uses of E-voting systems and corresponding processes in elections. We would also like to thank the German Informatics Society (Gesellschaft für Informatik) with its ECOM working group and KASTEL for their partnership over many years. Further we would like to thank the Swiss Federal Chancellery and the Regional Government of Vorarlberg for their kind support. EVote- ID 2021 conference is kindly supported through European Union's Horizon 2020 projects ECEPS (grant agreement 857622) and mGov4EU (grant agreement 959072). Special thanks go to the members of the international program committee for their hard work in reviewing, discussing, and shepherding papers. They ensured the high quality of these proceedings with their knowledge and experience.