Suchergebnisse

International audience ; Aim: In order to integrate malaria Intermittent Preventive Treatment in infants (IPTi) into the Ghana national immunization programme, there was the need to evaluate the feasibility of IPTi by assessing the intervention operational issues including its implementation costs, and its cost effectiveness. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Upper East Region, Ghana, between July 2007 and July 2009 Methods: We calculated the costs of administrating IPTi during vaccination sessions; the costs of programme implementation during the first year of implementation (start-up costs) and in routine years (recurrent costs). For the purposes of cost-effectiveness analysis, all economic costs (including financial and opportunity costs) and the net cost were estimated. To estimate the cost effectiveness ratios of IPTi, the aggregate cost of providing the intervention for a reference target population of 1,000 infants was divided by its health outcome. Sensitivity analyses were carried out to understand the results robustness. Results: IPTi gross costs in start up and in routine years were estimated at 70.66 cents and 29.72 cents per dose, or $2.0 and $0.87 per infant, respectively. The gross cost per DALY saved was estimated at $3.49 and the net cost of IPTi for 1,000 infants was $-3,416.38 in the routine years rending IPTi a highly cost saving intervention. Sensitivity analyses showed that the cost per DALY saved never went up more than $4.50 maintaining the intervention still highly cost effective. Conclusion: IPTi in Ghana is a highly and robust cost effective intervention. The intervention is cost-saving and should be scaled up nationally to save children's health and economic capital.

Like European political parties, French political parties face a number of challenges and are subject to many tensions at the dawn of the twenty-first century, even though their attractiveness has never seemed so low. arrangement around the Rassemblement pour la Republique (RPR) and the Union for French Democracy (UDF) on the right, and the Socialist Party (PS) and the French Communist Party (PCF) on the left, the party system itself has even considerably evolved under the effect of the recomposition of the parliamentary right, the collapse of the Communist Party or the breakthrough of newcomers, such as the National Front or the Greens. After the sequence of presidential and legislative elections of 2012, this book analyzes in depth the state of each of the active parties in the political system. How does each of them position themselves in relation to the transformations of partisan activity? How do parties interpret the mutations they face? How do they deal with the disaffection they experience? What ideological and organizational evolutions do they know? These issues are discussed in this reference book. The authors present an original overall picture, systematically offering a party analysis at work in the French political system; which is completed by a reflection on the major transformations of the electoral geography.
- À l'instar des formations politiques européennes, les partis politiques français sont confrontés à plusieurs défis et soumis à nombre de tensions à l'aube de ce XXIe siècle, alors même que leur attractivité n'a jamais semblé aussi faible.Longtemps dominée par un agencement autour du Rassemblement pour la République (RPR) et de l'Union pour la démocratie française (UDF) à droite, et du parti socialiste (PS) et du parti communiste français (PCF) à gauche, le système de partis a lui-même considérablement évolué sous l'effet de la recomposition de la droite parlementaire, de l'effondrement du parti communiste ou de la percée de nouveaux venus, tels le Front national ou Les Verts. Après la séquence des élections présidentielles et législatives de 2012, cet ouvrage analyse en profondeur l'état de chacun des partis actifs dans le système politique. Comment chacun d'entre eux se positionne-t-il au regard des transformations du fait partisan ? Comment les partis interprètent-ils les mutations auxquelles ils font face ? Comment agissent-ils face à la désaffection qu'ils subissent ? Quelles évolutions idéologiques et organisationnelles connaissent-ils ? Ces questions sont examinées dans ce livre de référence. Les auteurs présentent un tableau d'ensemble original, offrant de manière systématique une analyse des partis à l'œuvre dans le système politique français ; laquelle est complétée par une réflexion sur les grandes transformations de la géographie électorale.