Suchergebnisse

The loopholes in environmental law are not so much the result of the insufficient number of legal documents as of their inefficiency. This inefficiency is due as much to the fact that they are not implemented as to a basic weakness with regards to other branches of the law. At the national level, the multiplication of documents a source of discretionary and sometimes arbitrary power , the inappropriateness of jurisdictional procedures for environmental law, the rules of the burden of proof which make the situation of victims highly unequal and unfair, and the ambiguous role of public authorities all contribute to the fact that environmental law remains a minor law in its criminal and civil branches, and is rather inefficient in its administrative branch. In the absence of criminal charge, the law of liability, which should be the most efficient tool, is hampered by a number of derogatory common law regimes that have allowed the repetition of scandals such as Metal Europe. At the international level, the lack of world governance and of juridictional penalty attached to the Multilateral Conventions on the Environment means that environmental law remains a highly virtual reality. Adapted from the source document.

ABSTRACT - When he undertakes what will become his tetralogy, Las cuatro estaciones, Leonardo Padura Fuentes postulates that a break with the castrist model of the hard boiled genre and a coming back to the inheritance of the U.S. founder fathers, especially Chandler's, is necessary. Through a policeman having problems with his superiors, and also by means of degraded image of Havana, shown as a town in complete decay, his aim, according to Padura Fuentes himself, was to propose a hard boiled novel which would be Cuban as well as true to the genre's raison d'être : the public exposure of a society's failures, excesses and corruptions. The problem is to determine up to what extent and with what consequences, Pasado perfecto sets free a rebellious voice or, on the contrary, what does this vehement claiming for break and truth actually masks or forgets to mention.

Heavy industrial region still continuing its redeployment, Wallonia (Belgium) has initiated and support the creation and the development of clusters since 2001. Facing the lack of leading sectors or enterprises, the approach adopted is resolutely bottom-up :the initiative of a cluster's creation must come from the enterprises themselves (mainly SME's) wishing to collaborate in a network targeting at one (or more) market(s). Five years of experimentation later, there is in Wallonia 10 clusters involving 647 enterprises and 143 support organisations (R&D centres, universities, training centres). We can list 59 current partnerships amongst firms (R&D, development of a product, joint commercial moves, ) involving 222 enterprises and research centres. Some companies has been created (EIG, spin-off, ) as a result from these clusters. After a first stage of development, the walloon clusters launched in 2001/2003 extend their action to international field. After a brief overview of the main theories related to the cluster concept, the paper is exploring the first results (qualitative and quantitative) of the experimental phase of this clustering policy implemented by the Walloon Region, a.o. on the basis of the MERIT (University of Maastricht, NL) external evaluation written in March 2004. The conclusions and recommendations of this study have largely inspired the redaction of a regional Decree concerning the support and the development of the Walloon clusters (to be adopted by the regional Parliament at the end of 2006). ; info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Résumé L'équipe des Finances extérieures - ou Finex - du ministère des Finances réunie autour de Guillaume Guindey fait sienne en 1946 la préoccupation constante de la modernisation, selon une conception centrée sur la libération des échanges, « indispensable au développement et à la modernisation» de l'économie française. Si l'on observe une «conversion» limitée à la politique de la dépense - la modernisation, pour Finex, passe par un assainissement financier -, la ligne adoptée est néanmoins pragmatique; elle peut s'écarter de l'orthodoxie de Bretton Woods pour s'adapter à l'intérêt français estimé, en particulier pour favoriser le développement des exportations, manifestant une forme de « conversion ». Mais cette ligne demeure en tout état de cause une défense de la «crédibilité» extérieure de la France. Condition, après la stabilisation économique et financière, de la libération des échanges, la coopération européenne constitue un axe essentiel de l'action de la direction des Finances extérieures. Brillante équipe européaniste, Finex constitue de fait un foyer majeur d'animation de l'OECE et d'inspiration de projets de coopération européenne dans ces années 1946-1950.