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Correspondence and reply: 44:28-30 Jl 3/10 '61.

Exploration of the signif of air power for American foreign policy in war and peace. Air power is defined as 'the aggregate of men, aircraft, weapons, air bases, facilities, and the industrial and technical resources that sustain flight'. For the purposes of analysis air power is considered as having a differential effect (not mutually exclusive) in war and peace. Surveys of the psychol'al effect of aerial attack made in post war Germany and Japan reveal this pattern; (1) temporary loss of inhibitory control not markedly anti-social, (2) fear and trauma induced by casualties, (3) anxiety produced by grief and personal loss, (4) worry produced by disruption of community life, (5) fear of repetition of attack, (6) immediate motivation after evacuation to return to search for relatives, friends, and possessions, (7) survivor guilt, (8) acquiescent acceptance of consequences of war. Individual reacted to air attack with (1) fear, (2) admiration for the power and technical skill that produced such weapons, (3) to a lesser extent anger; largely directed against regime for failure to protect against air disaster and 'not directed against the attacked'. In addition to the psychol'al effects of the losses caused by air attack ancillary results have brought such effects: (1) Physical and social dislocation which make it easier to commit criminal acts, (2) econ controls rapidly deteriorate, barter for essential goods increases, inflation appears, loss of water and other utilities creates new econ needs. (3) Suspicion mobilized against those who have not suffered equal deprivation. (4) Rumors radiate from area of disaster 'concerning the blame for such an occurrence', (5) tensions and anxieties are emphasized by social displacement, & (6) discriminate' attacks on recognized military targets 'are generally accepted as the 'natural' consequences of war' and often involve a personal dissociation from the regime. Psychol'al warfare is defined as 'a method of communicating ideas' and US objectives that affect such activities are outlined and rules of operations listed. In war, psychol'al operations should provide 'control over the chaos of war and reason for personal sacrifice'. In peace, air power overcomes 'artificial barriers between nations' and serves as an instrument for the econ development of all nations. Peaceful use of air power includes: (1) air transport (the Berlin airlift), (2) goodwill (the Latin American 'Wings for the America's' tour), (3) rescue and Disaster Relief (USAF participation in evacuation of local pop during 1953 North Sea floods), (4) public service (insect extermination, cloud seeding, air exploration, fire surveillance and fire fighting). The full utilization of air power 'requires an increasing emphasis on sociol'al and psychol'al research', and findings in these areas must be stated in forms that insure understanding. D. L. Levine.

Available data indicate that the majority of countries are unlikely to meet the key targets set by the international community for social development. Several reasons account for the shortfall, and they are often country-specific. However, suggests that 2 stand out in virtually all countries: the resources allocated to basic social services are inadequate to achieve universal coverage within the agreed time frame, even if efficiency and equitably used; and few countries fully exploit the inter-sectoral complementaries of an integrated package of basic social services. (Original abstract - amended)

THIS ARTICLE IS AN INTERVIEW WITH FORMER CANADIAN AMBASSADOR, STEPHEN LEWIS. LEWIS IS CRITICAL OF THE UNITED NATION'S ROLE IN THE RECENT GULF CRISIS, CHARGING THAT THE UN MERELY BOWED TO THE DEMANDS AND MUSCLE-FLEXING OF THE UNITED STATES. THE GULF WAR WAS INEVITABLE ONLY BECAUSE AS EARLY AS SEPTEMBER 1990, GEORGE BUSH DECIDED THAT HE WAS GOING TO HAVE A WAR, AND BECAUSE THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL ABDICATED ITS RESPONSIBILITY. IN THE FUTURE, A MORE AGGRESSIVE SECRETARY GENERAL, INCREASED EFFORTS BY REGIONAL SECURITY ORGANIZATIONS (FOR EXAMPLE: THE ARAB LEAGUE) TO KEEP THE PEACE, THE USE OF UN PEACEKEEPING FORCES AS TRIP WIRES TO DETER CONFLICT, AND A MORE ASSERTIVE ROLE FOR THE MIDDLE POWERS SUCH AS CANADA, NEW ZEALAND, AND HOLLAND, WILL BE NECESSARY IF THE UN IS TO MAINTAIN ANY SEMBLANCE OF LEGITIMACY.