Suchergebnisse

Presented at the Role of irrigation and drainage in a sustainable future: USCID fourth international conference on irrigation and drainage on October 3-6, 2007 in Sacramento, California. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Ninety percent of the irrigators of Afghanistan own, operate and maintain canal systems. Traditionally, "Mirabs" manage water deliveries. They are chosen by water users, collect revenues and administer a limited O&M budget. The canal systems were in poor condition and delivered adequate water to approximately 1/3 of irrigated areas in 2003. Yet, international agencies, UN and IBRD, reported that agriculture provided 75 to 90 percent of GDP and employment. The 3-year "Rebuilding of Agricultural Markets Program" (RAMP) was designed by USAID and awarded to Chemonics International, July 2003. RAMP Infrastructure undertook the rebuilding of irrigation systems. Since government lacked financial resources, a program to incorporate Mirabs into a Self-Governing Water User Association (WUA), based on legal chartering, was designed by Chemonics International and executed by Development Alternatives Inc (DAI). Undertakings, to form a WUA for the 14,500-hectare Injil Canal Command of Herat Province, were: • Scoping and funding to achieve chartering of a WUA. • Convince an Afghan of stature to lead the program (Eng. Tawab Assifi). • Form capable Afghan Organizational Team (included noted jurist — Islamic and Civil law). • Review and possibly modify laws and regulations (chartering of WUAs was written into a New Water Law). • Map system and set up accurate voter (water user) registers. • Conduct elections for a General Assembly of water users. • Rebuild structures, Hari Rud/River (Head Works with silt ejector) to water intakes (200 each). Elections were held early during 2006, key personnel were trained, and equipment was transferred to the Injil WUA at mid year by RAMP/Chemonics.

The study assesses borehole water quality from the 22 wards of Bali Local Government. This was aimed at evaluating the portability of the water for human consumption and analysis of the spatiotemporal variation of borehole water quality in Bali Local Government Area. A total of 22 water samples were collected from boreholes during the dry and rainy seasons, the physical and chemical analysis of the water samples were carried out using a Palintest Photometre 5000 following the guideline as contained in the instruction manual. The result of the analysis reveals that Turbidity with an average value of 17.10mg/L, Fluoride (1.74mg/L), Chlorine (107.80mg/L), Ammonia (21.89mg/L) and copper (10.33mg/L) are above the WHO and SON standards. The implications of ingestion of these contaminants include Gastro-Intestinal distress, liver or kidney damage and other health implications. Based on these findings, it is recommended that Public health institutions should intensify the awareness and enlightenment to water users on home based water treatment techniques.Keywords: Groundwater, Mean Value Test, Water Quality, SON, WHO Standard

Speaking of comparative urbanization, Gideon Sjoberg noted that the Near East, the region in which cities first rose, has been understudied by urban sociologists. Few research projects have been realized on contemporary urbanization in the Arab World. This paper purports to examine recent trends of urbanization in the region; and their inter-relationship with the 'modernization' process.