Suchergebnisse

The agricultural extension services in the United States have been highly effective, especially in the past 40 years, in diffusing agricultural technologies to farmers, thus creating a so-called "agricultural revolution." The results include a much higher agricultural productivity and a sharply decreased farm population. Here we review the history of the agricultural extension model, showing how its various elements developed gradually over time. We also analyze extensions of the agricultural model to Third World nations, to which the model was inadequately transferred, resulting in less-than-maximum benefits.

The Seattle and Denver income maintenance experiment culminated the most ambitious policy analytic experiment undertaken in the United States during the 1960s and 1970s. After 12 years of research and $110 million spent, the Carter Administration sat down to reform welfare policy with the initial experimental findings in hand. Its experience underscores the difficulty of using analysis for policymaking when the policy arena exhibits high value conflict. In such contexts analysis becomes primarily a symbolic or forensic tool that has little impact on policy. Value conflict and several dimensions of individual belief systems—development and intensity—mediate the utilization and impact of analysis. Regardless of the effect of analysis on policy, it generally influences the decision process, shapes thinking, legitimates partisan positions, and is a vehicle for substantial material gain. All of these impacts of analysis are relevant to the conceptualization and understanding of ulilization.

The purpose of this article is to present to a wide public the documents relating to the construction of Süleymaniye published by the late ömer Lutfi Barkan and his team of collaborators in Süleymaniye Camii ve Inşaati, Vols. I, II (Ankara 1972, 1979). They strikingly illustrate the ability of the Ottoman central administration to co-ordinate complex operations minutely from a distance; and nothing of such detail exists for any monument of Istanbul before the early seventeenth century, or for any other building in the Islamic world.Some topics have already been considered in detail by Barkan, which explains the present choice of the sections of the accounts relating to furnishing and decorating Süleymaniye. They offer a mass of material of considerable intrinsic interest and of considerable value for the history of the luxury trades, both domestic and foreign, in sixteenth-century Ottoman Turkey. But simple translation is not enough: there are too many variant or dubious readings; the technical vocabulary is often recondite and the senses of certain terms must be a matter for conjecture; and the identification or designation of many of the materials is problematic.

The archival material in Istanbul, which presents a unique picture of the mechanism of patronage in Islamic architecture, has evoked only sporadic attention from the time of Ahmet Refik's valuable publications of pertinent Ottoman documents. Indisputably, however, the greatest contribution has been that of the late Ömer Lutfi Barkan, whose direction of a team of researchers on the surviving account books for the construction of the mosque of Süleymaniye and its associated complex/külliye (foundation inscription dated 964'1556–1557, though the works almost certainly continued beyond this date) has resulted in the apperarance of a remarkable work, Süleymaniye Camii ve Inşaati, Vols. I, II (Ankara 1972–1979). The documentation covers a period of roughly seven years and gives virtually a day-to-day picture of the sequence of construction and the constitution of the labour force. This is not the only story the documents have to tell, as Barkan first pointed out almost twenty years ago.

Although significant numbers of the recently widowed are in the labor force, little attention has been directed to how employment counselors, supervisors, personnel managers, and colleagues can be more supportive to grieving employees and maintain harmony, productivity, and employer‐employee satisfaction. This article outlines normal reactions to the death of a spouse, the needs and problems of the newly widowed, and techniques of helping the recently bereaved worker. The author discusses the benefits of those involved in counseling, supervising, or advising employees in terms of investment in employee productivity, good personnel practices, and improving human relations.