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This paper examines the development of inter-ethnic friendships between immigrants and Canadians. It uses longitudinal data from three waves of the Canadian LSIC survey, in which newly arrived immigrants were followed during the first 4 years of settlement. It is found that pre-migration characteristics play an important role in the development of inter-ethnic friendships: immigrants who arrive at a younger age and for economic reasons, as well as those who are highly educated and have a cross-ethnic partner at the moment of arrival, establish more inter-ethnic friendships over time. In addition, post-migration characteristics affect the formation of inter-ethnic friendships. Such friendships are more common among immigrants who embrace Canadian traditions and acquire the host-country language, as well as among those who work in international settings and inhabit ethnically mixed neighborhoods. The effects of pre-migration characteristics are partially mediated by post-migration characteristics. Our findings point out that economic, cultural, and spatial integration are all conducive to inter-ethnic friendships.

Menées par des historiens et des sociologues, les recherches concernant la mobilité sociale à long terme se conforment à un programme commun consistant à mettre la mobilité absolue, la mobilité relative et la stratification sociale en relation avec l'industrialisation. Elles s'appuient sur des méthodes de travail opérationnelles susceptibles de vérifier les hypothèses proposées en les confrontant à un riche matériau historique. L'analyse de la mobilité de la stratification sociale et de la mobilité sociale à Berlin entre 1825 et 1957 vise à prouver la validité d'une telle approche historique. Les taux de mobilité totale, intergénérationnelle ou matrimoniale, ne laissent certes pas apparaître de corrélation particulière avec l'industrialisation. Toutefois, les données berlinoises, concernant la mobilité intergénérationnelle relative, corroborent davantage l'hypothèse d'une ouverture progressive et croissante qu'elle ne confirme celle de l'absence de changement ou celle d'une croissance ponctuelle au début de l'industrialisation. Quant à la mobilité matrimoniale, aucune tendance n'est encore perceptible aujourd'hui.

In the past hundred and fifty years the lives of Dutch men and women seem to have become more varied than ever. However, this doesn't mean that before this time their lives were uniform and unchanging. In this book leading scholars describe the lives and times of Dutch men and women born since 1850 and demonstrate/explain their individual differences. - Toonaangevende onderzoekers beschrijven in dit boek de levenslopen van mannen en vrouwen geboren vanaf 1850 en onderzoeken de oorzaken van individuele variatie. Voor dit onderzoek is gebruik gemaakt van de Historische Steekproef Nederlandse bevolking. Honderdvijftig jaar levenslopen - De Historische Steekproef Nederlandse bevolking is de boekaflevering bij jaargang 83 (2008) van het sociaal-wetenschappelijk tijdschrift Mens & Maatschappij. Met bijdragen van Jan Van Bavel, Jan Kok & Theo Engelen; Matthijs Kalmijn; Hans Knippenberg & Sjoerd de Vos; Onno Boonstra; Richard L. Zijdeman & Kees Mandemakers; Ineke Maas & Marco van Leeuwen; Frans van Poppel & Ruben van Gaalen; Hilde Bras, Aart C. Liefbroer en Cees H. Elzinga.

Ethnically diverse settings provide opportunities for interethnic friendship but can also increase the preference for same-ethnic friendship. Therefore, same-ethnic friendship preferences, or ethnic homophily, can work at cross-purposes with policy recommendations to diversify ethnic representation in social settings. In order to effectively overcome ethnic segregation, we need to identify those factors within diverse settings that exacerbate the tendency toward ethnic homophily. Using unique data and multiple network analyses, the authors examine 529 adolescent friendship networks in English, German, Dutch, and Swedish schools and find that the ethnic composition of school classes relates differently to immigrant and native homophily. Immigrant homophily disproportionately increases as immigrants see more same-ethnic peers, and friendship density among natives has no effect on this. By contrast, native homophily remains relatively low until natives see dense groups of immigrants. The authors' results suggest that theories of interethnic competition and contact opportunities apply differently to ethnic majority and minority groups.

The modernization thesis claims that intergenerational social mobility increased over time due to industrialization and other modernization processes. Here, we test whether this is indeed the case. We study approximately 360,000 brothers from 189,000 families covering more than 500 municipalities in the Netherlands and a 70-year period (1827 to 1897). We complement these sibling- and family-level data with municipal indicators for the degree of industrialization, mass communication, urbanization, educational expansion, geographic mobility, and mass transportation. We analyze these data by applying sibling models, that is, multilevel regression models where brothers are nested in families, which in turn are nested in communities. We find that the total-unmeasured-family effect on sons' status attainment decreases slightly and is higher than that found for contemporary societies. The measured influence of the family, operationalized by father's occupational status, decreased gradually in the Netherlands in the second half of the nineteenth century. A substantial part of this decrease was due to some, but not all, of the modernization processes adduced by the modernization thesis.