Recent studies have pointed out that the neural code may use multiplexing to encode unique information at different temporal. Here we investigate in detail the information encoded in the spiking activity of a neuron by computing the unique contribution that each temporal scale makes to it. We do this by analytically inferring the derivative of the information with respect to the precision with which the neural response is measured. We propose the Information Jitter Derivative (IJD) method, which uses a jitter approach to modify the precision of the neural response. The IJD allows to infer the temporal scales playing a relevant role in the encoding of the information contained in the response of a neuron to a given set of stimuli. We validated the IJD on simulated data. We further demonstrated its usefulness on real neural responses recorded from the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) of the axolotl salamander and show that these cells carry the information about fine and coarse features of a visual scene using different temporal scales. ; Presented at the Brains and Bits workshop, at the NIPS Conference, Barcelona, December, 2016. http://www.stat.ucla.edu/~akfletcher/brainsbits.html This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 699829 and under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 659227.
Pesquisa exploratória, com o objetivo de identificar na literatura os achados relativos à pesquisa transdisciplinar (PTD) e economia circular (EC), nas bases de dados Web of Science e Scopus, utilizando os critérios de busca: "transdisciplinary research" OR "transdisciplinarity" AND "circular economy" que resultou na análise de 19 documentos, sem especificação de período. Com o corpus textual procedeu-se a leitura dos títulos, resumos e palavras-chave para certificar a presença dos descritores e, posteriormente, foram inseridos na solução Bibliometrix para realizar uma pesquisa quanti/qualitativa. Observou-se predominância e destaque de palavras como "China" "challengs" e "waste" na nuvem de palavras; no mapa conceitual, programas de desperdícios, administração de recursos e recuperação de recursos, utilizando bigramas, foram associados a fatores econômicos, enquanto palavras como questões sociais, ambientais, ecológicas e de sustentabilidade, estão associadas à pesquisa transdisciplinar, objetivo desta pesquisa. A contribuição do artigo para o campo de investigação foi ressaltar a presença dos princípios da pesquisa transdisciplinar, no que se refere aos aspectos sociais e também a sinergia da pesquisa transdisciplinar inerente a implementação efetiva da Economia Circular em diferentes áreas do conhecimento.
How to mathematically separate out the different components of a neural code and to identify the unique contribution of each of these components to sensory coding and behavior is an open question in neuroscience. Here we present a novel approach to decompose the information encoded in the temporal structure of a spike train into the unique, complementary information contained in its different temporal scale components. We do this by analytically inferring the derivative of the information with respect to the precision with which the neural activity is measured. We demonstrate that the negative of this derivative represents the non-redundant information carried by each temporal scale and therefore constitutes an exact breakdown of the total information. The proposed approach, which we called Information Jitter Derivative (IJD) method, uses a jitter procedure to manipulate the precision of the neural activity and allows to precisely identifying the relevant timescales in the encoding of the stimulus information. We validated the IJD method on simulated and real data. In particular, we show that the IJD is able to uncover the different strategies used by the retinal ganglion cells of the axolotl salamander to encode information about different visual features. Importantly, we found that coarse and fine spatial features are encoded into different temporal scales. The Information Jitter Derivative method thus provides a way of studying in detail the information processing capabilities of a multiplexed neural code by breaking down the temporal information contained in the neural activity into its unique, complementary temporal scale components. ; Presented at the Society for Neuroscience Meeting (Washington, 10-15 November) This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 699829 and under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 659227.
Purpose This study aims to discuss the influences of green innovation processes on sustainable development and proposes a research model linking green absorptive capacity, green dynamic capabilities and green service innovation with the aim of clarifying how these interactions operate within universities.
Design/methodology/approach Supported by a survey of sustainability researchers in Brazilian universities, a mediation‐moderation analysis and partial least squares structural equation modelling approach is used to examine the influence of green absorptive capacity and green dynamic capabilities on green service innovation.
Findings This study reinforces that greening processes and products are relevant to an organization and provide information on the mechanisms for achieving greater sustainable performance.
Research limitations/implications Considering one of the dimensions of administrative science as being university management, this study provides information on the mechanisms to achieve better sustainable development in universities.
Practical implications This study contributes to the debate by adding the perception of university managers and provides guidance on new forms of management, which allows them to face changes while minimizing the disruption to the formation of organizational knowledge.
Social implications Universities are becoming increasingly active in promoting societal changes toward sustainable development. It is intended that the results of this research contribute to future research and act as a reference for researchers, professionals and policymakers.
Originality/value The concept of green absorption capacity in universities is relatively new and has not yet been investigated completely with respect to its association with university management and organizational structures.
This is the final version of the article. Available from Springer Nature via the DOI in this record. ; Aquatic chytrid fungi threaten amphibian biodiversity worldwide owing to their ability to rapidly expand their geographical distributions and to infect a wide range of hosts. Combating this risk requires an understanding of chytrid host range to identify potential reservoirs of infection and to safeguard uninfected regions through enhanced biosecurity. Here we extend our knowledge on the host range of the chytrid Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis by demonstrating infection of a non-amphibian vertebrate host, the zebrafish. We observe dose-dependent mortality and show that chytrid can infect and proliferate on zebrafish tissue. We also show that infection phenotypes (fin erosion, cell apoptosis and muscle degeneration) are direct symptoms of infection. Successful infection is dependent on disrupting the zebrafish microbiome, highlighting that, as is widely found in amphibians, commensal bacteria confer protection against this pathogen. Collectively, our findings greatly expand the limited tool kit available to study pathogenesis and host response to chytrid infection. ; N.L. is supported by the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine. J.C. and A.E. were funded by the Welsh Government and Higher Education Funding Council for Wales through the Sêr Cymru National Research Network for Low Carbon, Energy and Environment AquaWales Project. C.R.T. and M.J.D. were funded by the Leverhulme Trust. Work in the Fisher laboratory is supported by the UK Natural Environmental Research Council (NERC NE/K014455/1) and the Leverhulme Trust. Work in the Mostowy laboratory is supported by a Wellcome Trust Research Career Development Fellowship (WT097411MA) and the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine.
PurposeThis paper aims to analyze the sustainability approach within higher education institutions. Universities, as institutions of knowledge, play an important and strategic role in maximizing social and economic benefits in a hands-on way. However, some studies on sustainable development and HEIs reveal a distancing between students and the application of sustainable initiatives in universities. This fact differs from the premises of the Talloires Declaration, which points to students as a community and as global leaders and ambassadors for sustainability.Design/methodology/approachThis paper mapped the approaches, present in the literature, used to develop sustainable campuses and in particular the apparent dichotomy between the changes indicated as top-down or bottom-up in HEIs. To that end, scientific articles focused on sustainable actions in HEIs were analyzed to identify implementation approaches for sustainable development and student involvement in the process.FindingsResults have shown that sustainability promotion models in universities generally occur in a top-down manner, where students are receptors and not sources of development for sustainable policies in universities. Thus, the authors highlight the importance of students becoming central players in sustainable initiatives.Originality/valueThe article becomes original when it identifies the dichotomy between top-down and bottom-up approaches. It does so through multidimensional scaling and exploratory factorial analysis in scientific articles on the topic Sustainability Funding in Higher Education. These findings show that, unlike what is discussed in the literature, sustainability promotion in universities generally occurs in a top-down manner, where students are receptors and not active agents in promoting sustainability. In response to this, the authors discussed the importance of the bottom-up approach, where they are key players.
Introduction: Security of water supply is extremely important for public health, especially for school-age children who can stay in schools for five to eight hours a day. Water can contain a variety of contaminants that, at high levels, have been linked to a range of diseases in children. Objective: To evaluate, during 12 months, the quality of well water used as collective alternative supply solutions in 10 public schools in the city of Itatiba (SP). Method: Samples of water from the well, reservoir and drinking water were collected, totaling 100 samples, and chemical, physical, organoleptic and microbiological parameters provided for in Consolidation Ordinance No. 5, of September 28, 2017, Annex XX, were analyzed; additionally, a research was done related to the presence of foreign matter and protozoa Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. Results: Only three schools presented results in accordance with the legislation; the other had the presence of microorganisms (29.0% of total coliform and 9.0% of E. coli, in the total of analyzed samples), protozoa (15.0%), and of results above the maximum permitted value (MPV) for apparent color (8.0%), turbidity (11.0%), Fe (12.0%), Zn and Pb (5.0%). Conclusions: The results in disagreement with the legislation interfere with the water quality offered in the schools, being associated with the lack of investment in well infrastructure and chlorination of the water. It is also observed a differential in the school that has partnership with the water treatment company of the municipality. This partnership should be maintained and, if possible, expanded to other schools. ; Introdução: A segurança do abastecimento de água é de extrema importância para a saúde pública, principalmente para crianças que, em idade escolar, podem permanecer de 5 h a 8 h por dia nas escolas. A água pode conter uma variedade de contaminantes que, em níveis elevados, têm sido associados ao aumento de uma série de doenças em crianças.Objetivo: Avaliar durante 12 meses a qualidade das águas de poços utilizadas como soluções alternativas coletivas de abastecimento em dez escolas públicas do município de Itatiba (SP).Método: Foram coletadas amostras de água de poço, de reservatório e de bebedouro, totalizando 100 amostras, sendo analisados parâmetros químicos, físicos, organolépticos e microbiológicos previstos na Portaria de Consolidação n° 5, de 28 de setembro de 2017, anexo XX. Adicionalmente foi realizada uma pesquisa quanto à presença de matérias estranhas, incluindo os protozoários Cryptosporidium spp. e Giardia spp. Resultados: Três escolas exibiram resultados em acordo com a legislação. As demais apresentaram presença de microrganismos como bactérias (29,0% de coliforme total e 9,0% de Escherichia coli, no total de amostras analisadas) e protozoários (15,0%), além de resultados acima do valor máximo permitido (VMP) para cor aparente (8,0%), turbidez (11,0%), Fe (12,0%), Zn e Pb (5,0%).Conclusões: Os resultados em desacordo com a legislação interferem na qualidade das águas oferecidas nas escolas, estando associados à falta de investimento na infraestrutura dos poços e cloração da água, sendo observado um diferencial na escola que possui parceria com a empresa de tratamento de água do município. Esta parceria deve ser mantida e, se possível, expandida para as demais escolas.
Purpose This study aims to analyze the alignment between sustainable performance and sustainability planning in higher education, proposing a strategic map that integrates planning with the implementation of performance actions and sustainable performance on campuses.
Design/methodology/approach The literature review development addresses sustainability in higher education institutions (HEIs). Data collection took place in two ways, documentary, through the analysis of documents and through an open interview, guided by a script with 13 questions. For data interpretation, the content analysis technique was applied.
Findings To achieve the objective of this work, this study proposed a sustainable performance strategic map for better management of the university's green strategies, based on three dimensions: internal processes, educational and sustainable performance.
Originality/value This study's main contribution was to propose a sustainable performance strategic map as a strategic management system aimed at HEIs to accelerate the promotion of sustainability in these organizations.
Frontmatter -- Contents -- Foreword to the Series -- New Foreword to the Series -- Preface -- Katsi Cook: "Research and Ceremonies and Healing Are an Empowerment Process"—a Mohawk Midwife Brings the Needs of Women into Environmental Health Research -- Mona Hanna-Attisha: Using Her Voice to Advocate for Environmental Justice in the City of Flint -- Katharine Dexter McCormick: Examining an Advocate's Path—Advancing Women's Reproductive Rights through Philanthropic Support for Oral Contraception Development -- Mary Engle Pennington: Transforming Food Safety with the Power of Persuasion and a Steadfast Commitment to Good Science and the Public's Health -- Florence Schorske Wald: Standing by Her Principles— Not by a Title—to Bring Hospice to the United States -- Virginia Apgar: Focusing on Prevention, She Structurally Transformed Maternal and Child Health for Generations -- Marilyn Gaston: Changing the Face of Health Care through Research, Public Service, and Community Health -- Jane E. Brody: Using Journalism to Impact Personal Health, One Column at a Time -- Risa Lavizzo-Mourey: Leading the Nation to Adopt a Culture of Health -- Marilyn Tavenner: From Crashing Patients to Crashing Websites -- Ruth Williams-Brinkley: Facing Opportunities and Challenges at the Intersection of Community and Health Care -- Suerie Moon: Shaping the Governance of a Complex Global Health System to Achieve Equity -- Acknowledgments -- Contributors -- Index
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Contributors: Hanna K. Lappalainen1,2, Veli-Matti Kerminen1, Tuukka Petäjä1, Theo Kurten3, Aleksander Baklanov4,5, Anatoly Shvidenko6, Jaana Bäck7, Timo Vihma2, Pavel Alekseychik1, Stephen Arnold8, Mikhail Arshinov9, Eija Asmi2, Boris Belan9, Leonid Bobylev10, Sergey Chalov11, Yafang Cheng12, Natalia Chubarova11, Gerrit de Leeuw1,2, Aijun Ding13, Sergey Dobrolyubov11, Sergei Dubtsov14, Egor Dyukarev15, Nikolai Elansky16, Kostas Eleftheriadis17, Igor Esau18, Nikolay Filatov19, Mikhail Flint20, Congbin Fu13, Olga Glezer21, Aleksander Gliko22, Martin Heimann23, Albert A. M. Holtslag24, Urmas Hõrrak25, Juha Janhunen26, Sirkku Juhola27, Leena Järvi1, Heikki Järvinen1, Anna Kanukhina28, Pavel Konstantinov11, Vladimir Kotlyakov29, Antti-Jussi Kieloaho1, Alexander S. Komarov30, Joni Kujansuu1, Ilmo Kukkonen31, Ella Kyrö1, Ari Laaksonen2, Tuomas Laurila2, Heikki Lihavainen2, Alexander Lisitzin32, Aleksander Mahura5, Alexander Makshtas33, Evgeny Mareev34, Stephany Mazon1, Dmitry Matishov35,†, Vladimir Melnikov36, Eugene Mikhailov37, Dmitri Moisseev1, Robert Nigmatulin33, Steffen M. Noe38, Anne Ojala7, Mari Pihlatie1, Olga Popovicheva39, Jukka Pumpanen40, Tatjana Regerand19, Irina Repina16, Aleksei Shcherbinin27, Vladimir Shevchenko33, Mikko Sipilä1, Andrey Skorokhod16, Dominick V. Spracklen8, Hang Su12, Dmitry A. Subetto19, Junying Sun41, Arkady Yu Terzhevik19, Yuri Timofeyev42, Yuliya Troitskaya34, Veli-Pekka Tynkkynen42, Viacheslav I. Kharuk43, Nina Zaytseva22, Jiahua Zhang44, Yrjö Viisanen2, Timo Vesala1, Pertti Hari7, Hans Christen Hansson45, Gennady G. Matvienko9, Nikolai S. Kasimov11, Huadong Guo44, Valery Bondur46, Sergej Zilitinkevich1,2,11,34, and Markku Kulmala1 1Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland 2Finnish Meteorological Institute, Research and Development, 00101 Helsinki, Finland 3Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland 4World Meteorological Organization, 1211 Genève, Switzerland 5Danish Meteorological Institute, Research and Development Department, 2100, Copenhagen 6International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, 2361 Laxenburg, Austria 7Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland 8Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK 9Institute of Atmospheric Optics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk 634021, Russia 10Nansen International Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, St. Petersburg, Russia 11Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Geography, Moscow 119899, Russia 12Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany 13Institute for Climate and Global Change Research & School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China 14Institute of Chemical Kinetics & Combustion, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia 15Institute of Monitoring of Climatic & Ecological Systems SB RAS, 634055 Tomsk, Russia 16A. M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia 17National Centre of Scientific Research "DEMOKRITOS", Greece 18Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center/Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, 5006 Bergen, Norway 19Northern Water Problems Institute, Karelian Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences,185003 Petrozavodsk, Russia 20P. P. Shirshov, Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia 21Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia 22Depart ment of Earth Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Moscow, Russia 23Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany 24Wageningen University, 6708 Wageningen, Nederland 25Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, 18 Ülikooli St., 50090 Tartu, Estonia 26University of Helsinki, Department of World Cultures, 00014 Helsinki, Finland 27Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland 28Russian State Hydrometeorological University, 195196 Saint Petersburg, Russia 29Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia 30Institute of Physico-chemical & Biological Problems in Soil Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Institutskaya, Russia 31University of Helsinki, Geophysics and Astronomy, 00014 Helsinki, Finland 32Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia 33Actic & Antarctic Research Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 199397, Russia 34Department of Radiophysics, Nizhny Novgorod State University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia 35Southern Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Rostov on Don, Russia 36Tyumen Scientific Center, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Science, Russia 37Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034 Russia 38Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014 Tartu, Estonia 39Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University, Department Microelectronics, Russia 40University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental Science, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland 41Craduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China 42Aleksanteri Institute and Department of Social Research, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland 43Sukachev Forest Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia 44Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100094, China 45Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Sweden 46AEROCOSMOS Research Institute for Aerospace Monitoring, 105064, Moscow, Russia †deceased, 20 August 2015 ; The Northern Eurasian regions and Arctic Ocean will very likely undergo substantial changes during the next decades. The arctic-boreal natural environments play a crucial role in the global climate via the albedo change, carbon sources and sinks, as well as atmospheric aerosol production via biogenic volatile organic compounds. Furthermore, it is expected that the global trade activities, demographic movement and use of natural resources will be increasing in the Arctic regions. There is a need for a novel research approach, which not only identifies and tackles the relevant multi-disciplinary research questions, but is also able to make a holistic system analysis of the expected feedbacks. In this paper, we introduce the research agenda of the Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX), a multi-scale, multi-disciplinary and international program started in 2012 (https://www.atm.helsinki.fi/peex/). PEEX is setting a research approach where large-scale research topics are investigated from a system perspective and which aims to fill the key gaps in our understanding of the feedbacks and interactions between the land–atmosphere–aquatic–society continuum in the Northern Eurasian region. We introduce here the state of the art of the key topics in the PEEX research agenda and give the future prospects of the research which we see relevant in this context. ; Peer reviewed
Allergic rhinitis (AR) and asthma represent global health problems for all age groups. Asthma and rhinitis frequently coexist in the same subjects. Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) was initiated during a World Health Organization workshop in 1999 (published in 2001). ARIA has reclassified AR as mild/moderate-severe and intermittent/persistent. This classification closely reflects patients' needs and underlines the close relationship between rhinitis and asthma. Patients, clinicians, and other health care professionals are confronted with various treatment choices for the management of AR. This contributes to considerable variation in clinical practice, and worldwide, patients, clinicians, and other health care professionals are faced with uncertainty about the relative merits and downsides of the various treatment options. In its 2010 Revision, ARIA developed clinical practice guidelines for the management of AR and asthma comorbidities based on the Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system. ARIA is disseminated and implemented in more than 50 countries of the world. Ten years after the publication of the ARIA World Health Organization workshop report, it is important to make a summary of its achievements and identify the still unmet clinical, research, and implementation needs to strengthen the 2011 European Union Priority on allergy and asthma in children.
Allergic rhinitis (AR) and asthma represent global health problems for all age groups. Asthma and rhinitis frequently coexist in the same subjects. Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) was initiated during a World Health Organization workshop in 1999 (published in 2001). ARIA has reclassified AR as mild/moderate-severe and intermittent/persistent. This classification closely reflects patients' needs and underlines the close relationship between rhinitis and asthma. Patients, clinicians, and other health care professionals are confronted with various treatment choices for the management of AR. This contributes to considerable variation in clinical practice, and worldwide, patients, clinicians, and other health care professionals are faced with uncertainty about the relative merits and downsides of the various treatment options. In its 2010 Revision, ARIA developed clinical practice guidelines for the management of AR and asthma comorbidities based on the Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system. ARIA is disseminated and implemented in more than 50 countries of the world. Ten years after the publication of the ARIA World Health Organization workshop report, it is important to make a summary of its achievements and identify the still unmet clinical, research, and implementation needs to strengthen the 2011 European Union Priority on allergy and asthma in children.
Allergic rhinitis (AR) and asthma represent global health problems for all age groups. Asthma and rhinitis frequently coexist in the same subjects. Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) was initiated during a World Health Organization workshop in 1999 (published in 2001). ARIA has reclassified AR as mild/moderate-severe and intermittent/persistent. This classification closely reflects patients' needs and underlines the close relationship between rhinitis and asthma. Patients, clinicians, and other health care professionals are confronted with various treatment choices for the management of AR. This contributes to considerable variation in clinical practice, and worldwide, patients, clinicians, and other health care professionals are faced with uncertainty about the relative merits and downsides of the various treatment options. In its 2010 Revision, ARIA developed clinical practice guidelines for the management of AR and asthma comorbidities based on the Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system. ARIA is disseminated and implemented in more than 50 countries of the world. Ten years after the publication of the ARIA World Health Organization workshop report, it is important to make a summary of its achievements and identify the still unmet clinical, research, and implementation needs to strengthen the 2011 European Union Priority on allergy and asthma in children.
Allergic rhinitis (AR) and asthma represent global health problems for all age groups. Asthma and rhinitis frequently coexist in the same subjects. Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) was initiated during a World Health Organization workshop in 1999 (published in 2001). ARIA has reclassified ARas mild/moderate-severe and intermittent/persistent. This classification closely reflects patients' needs and underlines the close relationship between rhinitis and asthma. Patients, clinicians, and other health care professionals are confronted with various treatment choices for the management of AR. This contributes to considerable variation in clinical practice, and worldwide, patients, clinicians, and other health care professionals are faced with uncertainty about the relative merits and downsides of the various treatment options. In its 2010 Revision, ARIA developed clinical practice guidelines for the management of AR and asthma comorbidities based on the Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system. ARIA is disseminated and implemented in more than 50 countries of the world. Ten years after the publication of the ARIAWorld Health Organization workshop report, it is important to make a summary of its achievements and identify the still unmet clinical, research, and implementation needs to strengthen the 2011 European Union Priority on allergy and asthma in children. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012;130:1049-62.)