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Based on the broader context of "globalization as politics", this paper adopts the following assumption: cities through their transnational cooperation networks and economic projects are the expression of a new political actor that has shifted its scale of operations, and have thus partly emancipated themselves from the monopoly of the nation-state in the deployment of transborder public action; thefore, they have challenged the Westphalian imaginary and the monopoly of the nation-state as "the" bounded political community with the capacity to frame and totally control a fixed and vertical national territory. In pursuance of developing this assumption, this paper approaches the discussion on municipal paradiplomacy in three parts: firstly, it presents the historical background and empirical reality of paradiplomacy in Brazil; secondly, it presents a series of critical questions for analyzing cities and their transnational networks within the soft borders approach; thirdly, it discusses the concept of "local international management". ; En el marco del contexto de la "globalización en cuanto política", el presente artículo adopta la premisa siguiente: las ciudades, a través de sus redes transnacionales de cooperación y de sus proyectos económicos internacionales, son la expresión de un nuevo actor político que ha cambiado su escala de operaciones, habiendo así obtenido una emancipación por lo menos parcial del monopolio del Estado-nación en el desarrollo de acciones públicas transfronterizas. Por ello, las ciudades han desafiado el imaginario westfaliano y el monopolio del Estado-nación en cuanto "la" comunidad política obligatoria con la capacidad de controlar un territorio nacional de modo vertical y fijo. De cara a desarrollar esta premisa, el artículo analiza la problemática de la paradiplomacia municipal en tres partes: el contexto histórico y realidad empírica de la paradiplomacia municipal en Brasil, el debate teórico sobre las fronteras, escalas y territorios de la paradiplomacia ("soft borders approach") y la discusión del concepto de "gestión internacional local". ; Baseado na idéia de uma "globalização como política", o presente artigo parte da seguinte premissa: as ciudades, por meio de suas redes transnacionais de cooperação e de seus projetos económicos internacionais, são a expressão de um novo ator político que mudou sua escala de operações, emancipando-se, pelo menos parcialmente, do monopólio do Estado-nação no desenvolvimento de ações públicas transfronteiriças. Por conseguinte, as ciudades passaram a desafiar o imaginário westfaliano e o monopólio do Estado-nação enguanto comunidade política exclusiva e obrigatória com a capacidade de controlar um territorio nacional de modo vertical e fixo. Visando a desenvolver essa premissa, o artigo analisa a problemática da paradiplomacia municipal em três partes: contexto histórico e realidade empírica da paradiplomacia municipal no Brasil; debate teórico sobre fronteiras, escalas e territórios da paradiplomacia (com base na "soft borders approach"); discussão do conceito de "gestão internacional local".

Resumo O presente artigo compara e analisa os projetos de inserção internacional do Brasil e da África do Sul após os regimes civil-militar e do apartheid, respectivamente. Para tal, lança luz à discussão sobre raça e formação nacional, de forma a entender a relevância da temática dos direitos humanos para a construção de novas narrativas de política externa. A renovação das credenciais diplomáticas em um cenário pós-Guerra Fria estimulou a assinatura dos principais tratados de direitos humanos por ambos países nos anos 1990. Na década de 2000, Brasil a África do Sul desempenharam papel fundamental no debate geopolítico do Sul e alçaram maior protagonismo no cenário global. Todavia, a atual crise política e econômica revela as limitações dessas narrativas e a fragilidade institucional dos processos de democratização que as embasaram.

In this article, the authors examine various questions regarding the new expressions of international contestation, analysing answers and reactions from states to the emergence of non‐governmental actors opposed to the present world order who claim to propose alternatives to neo‐liberal governance. To do so, the authors identify some of the more visible movements of contestation against economic globalisation, like the Seattle, Prague, and Genoa demonstrations, and, first of all, the four editions of the World Social Forum that have taken place, first in Porto Alegre and latterly in Mumbai. At the same time, the article shows the interstate relations that aim to control and if necessary repress these movements, particularly after the attacks on 11 September 2001, and surveys the main legal measures adopted by governments and international institutions, in particular within the European Union. Finally, an account is given of certain strategies to "jurisdictionalise" international conflicts, which some new kinds of litigants purport to use to give legitimacy and visibility to contested claims by directing them to a third‐party adjudicator (a tribunal, a mediator, a humanitarian body, etc.).

In this article, the authors examine various questions regarding the new expressions of international contestation, analyzing answers & reactions from states to the emergence of nongovernmental actors opposed to the present world order who claim to propose alternatives to neoliberal governance. To do so, the authors identify some of the more visible movements of contestation against economic globalization, like the Seattle, Prague, & Genoa demonstrations, &, first of all, the four editions of the World Social Forum that have taken place, first in Porto Alegre & later in Mumbai. At the same time, the article shows the interstate relations that aim to control & if necessary repress these movements, particularly after the attacks on 11 September 2001, & surveys the main legal measures adopted by governments & international institutions, in particular within the European Union. Finally, an account is given of certain strategies to "jurisdictionalize" international conflicts, which some new kinds of litigants purport to use to give legitimacy & visibility to contested claims by directing them to a third-party adjudicator (a tribunal, a mediator, a humanitarian body, etc). 28 References. Adapted from the source document.

Introduction: the politics of aid and cooperation norms in a changing world -- Norms, behavior and politics : an analytical framework -- The origin, growth, institutionalization and contestation of aid/cooperation international architecture -- British and Brazilian norms as governments claim to be centralised structure, participation and coordination : the case of the United Kingdom -- The use of norms by British actors domestically and at the international level -- Decentralized structure and lack of coordination : the Brazilian case -- The responsibility while promoting development and domestic disputes

Estudos sobre a cooperação internacional para o desenvolvimento (principalmente nas suas vertentes Norte-Sul e Sul-Sul) têm demonstrado que existem tipos distintos de experiências históricas que mobilizam diferentes atores domésticos e priorizam agendas temáticas com base em motivações políticas e desenhos institucionais variados. Este artigo centra-se nas estratégias do Brasil como fornecedor de cooperação no campo da educação, analisando suas tendências gerais, agendas e atores, contradições e tensões entre interesses públicos e privados. Empiricamente, o artigo também analisa essas questões a partir da atuação brasileira nos Países Africanos de Língua Oficial Portuguesa (PALOP), com foco no caso de Moçambique e considerando as percepções dos países com os quais o governo brasileiro coopera. Palavras-chave: Cooperação internacional para o desenvolvimento. Cooperação Sul-Sul. Política externa brasileira. Relações Brasil-África. Países africanos de língua oficial portuguesa.SOUTH-SOUTH COOPERATION IN EDUCATION AND RELATIONS BRAZIL-PALOP Carlos R. S. Milani Francisco Carlos da Conceição Timóteo Saba M'Bunde Studies on North-South and South-South development cooperation have demonstrated that there are distinct types of historical experiences, with multiple domestic actors being involved and thematic agendas being reinforced based on different political motivations, as well as various institutional designs conceived by national governments in order to implement their international development cooperation (IDC) strategies. This paper focuses on Brazil's strategies as a provider of IDC in the field of education (IDC/ED), analysing its general trends, institutional design, agendas and actors, but also presenting an overview of Brazilian IDC/ED in Portuguese-Speaking African Countries (PALOPS), with a case-study on Mozambique, and taking into account the perceptions of beneficiaries. Keywords: International development cooperation. South-South cooperation. Brazilian foreign policy. Brazil-Africa relations. Portuguese-speaking African countries.COOPÉRATION SUD-SUD DANS L'ENSEIGNEMENT ET RELATIONS BRÉSIL-PALOP Carlos R. S. Milani Francisco Carlos da Conceição Timóteo Saba M'Bunde Des études sur la coopération internationale au développement (Nord-Sud et Sud-Sud) ont démontré qu'il existe différents types d'expériences historiques, avec de multiples acteurs nationaux étant impliquées et des agendas thématiques fondées sur des motivations politiques différentes, ainsi que des modèles institutionnels conçus par les autorités nationales afin de mettre en oeuvre leurs stratégies de coopération internationale au développement (CID). Ce document met l'accent sur les stratégies du Brésil en tant que fournisseur de CID dans le domaine de l'éducation (CID/ED), en analysant ses tendances générales, la conception institutionnelle, des agendas et des acteurs, mais présentant également un aperçu de la CID/ED du Brésil dans les pays africains de langue officielle portugaise (PALOP), avec une étude de cas sur le Mozambique, et ceci en tenant compte des perceptions des bénéficiaires. Mots clés: Coopération internationale pour le développement. Coopération Sud-Sud. Politique étrangère brésilienne. Relations Brésil- Afrique. Pays africains de langue officielle portugaise. Publicação Online do Caderno CRH no Scielo: http://www.scielo.br/ccrh Publicação Online do Caderno CRH: http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br