Highway programs included in the Reagan administration's New Federalism proposals were designed to return many federally supported projects to state & local governments. Shortly after those proposals were presented, Congress enacted the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982, which increased the federal highway fuel tax by 5-9 cents per gallon (of which states receive 4 of those 5 cents for highway purposes). Although devolution of responsibility to address state & local needs was a key feature of the New Federalism, an analysis of the effects of the act on Ohio suggests that the increase in highway revenues may have skewed states' priorities in both their maintenance outlays & capital project selection process. 2 Tables, 2 Figures. HA
"This book examines the current state of American health care using a social science lens to focus on the interdependent, intercultural, economic, and communication aspects of access and delivery. This text explores how the cultures of health care organizations, health professions, governments, and capitalism, as well as communication, all contribute to a disease-focused, economically driven, technology-centered health care system. It seeks to understand twenty-first century health care from a macro-level view based on historical realizations and the current plethora of interdependent, but self-serving realities that provide few, if any, incentives for organizational collaboration and change. The fact that the most expensive health care system in the world does not provide the healthiest outcomes is a driving force in this exploration. By reflecting on American values and beliefs regarding health care from philosophical, clinical, communication, and cost perspectives, this text is designed to encourage an organizational transformation at every level, from government to providers to patients. This comprehensive survey is an important guide for those studying, or working in, health care professions, as well as health care policy and administration. It should also be of interest to any reader who seeks to better understand U.S. healthcare policy from social science, economic, and/or health communication perspectives. Michael P. Pagano is an Associate Professor in the Department of Communication at Fairfield University, Connecticut. After serving as an Army corpsman in Vietnam, Michael became a Physician Assistant-Certified (PA-C). While working in Emergency Departments, he went to graduate school and earned an MA in English and a Ph.D. in Communication with a focus in health communication. Over the past 40 years he practiced as a PA-C and combined patient care with his passion for teaching and his interest in exploring health communication from: consumer-provider, provider education, and health care organizational communication perspectives. Currently, he teaches a wide variety of undergraduate and graduate: health, organizational, and interpersonal communication courses, including interdisciplinary health studies courses for health professions students"--
Included in this ebook are several articles that address current market microstructure issues in various financial markets around the world. These papers provide further empirical evidence on the significant impact that the structure and design of markets can have on liquidity provision, transaction costs, and a firm's cost of capital, most notably in emerging markets
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The purpose of this article is to explore the intergovernmental finance framework with an emphasis on the impacts of the current administration's proposals on cities, including not just direct financial transfers but also changes to the federal tax code that have implications for municipal finance. In particular, we examine the impacts of two policies—reduced funding of community development block grant and federal income tax reform—to illustrate the effects of federal reform on local governments in the context of American federalism. We contend that the resiliency of local governments to exogenous shocks such as changes in federal policy is contingent on economic resources and institutional constraints imposed by state governments.
This paper presents empirical evidence of the extent to which municipal governments might be affected by federal preemption in the communications sector in light of the substantial variation in municipal governments' reliance on communications tax revenues. The results suggest that the federal preemption would have a negative fiscal impact on the majority of municipal governments, and the extent of the impact would vary substantially. The analysis also indicates that it would be challenging or legally impossible for some city governments to make up for the magnitude of revenue loss due to the states' constraints on municipal revenue‐raising capacity.
The collapse or perilous crumbling of our infrastructures, the basic building blocks of the nation's economy, underscores the investment and fiscal policies that confront the nation's leaders as well as the nation's cities' leaders. In this article, the authors focus on one key dimension of the "infrastructure crisis," namely, the critical issues surrounding the financing of city infrastructure and a proposed set of sustainable options available to policy makers, particularly examining trends toward decentralization and fragmentation of governmental and financial institutions and toward market-based and consumer- or customer-oriented policies. Urban policy makers today find themselves in the position of negotiating with neighboring communities, competitive markets, and citizens in a fragmented governance system. What appears to be little more than organized chaos has evolved over decades into the complex, if not always rational, system of infrastructure finance and governance in which cities and other local governments find themselves today.
