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When the Syrian regime used sarin and other chemical weapons against dissidents in August 2013, an estimated 1729 people were killed including 400 children. President Barack Obama warned that the use of chemical weapons would constitute a "red line", but he refused to take military action. Trump's approach has been even more disengaged and lacking in clarity. Frontline Syria highlights America's failure to prevent conflict escalation in Syria. Based on interviews with US officials involved in Syria policy, as well as UN personnel, the book draws conclusions about America's role in world affairs and its potential to prevent deadly conflict. It also highlights the role of front-line states in Syria and other countries who engaged in the Syrian conflict to advance their national interests. Covering key turning points in the Syrian civil war, including the impact of recent decisions by the Trump administration, Frontline Syria critically evaluates America's global power and provides a diplomatic and military history of the conflict. Based on this analysis, the book offers policy recommendations and makes a case for America's future role addressing peace and conflict.

Intro; CONTENTS; ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS; NOTE; INTRODUCTION: ENMITY, VENGEANCE, AND LITIGATION; PART I: HOMICIDE AND VENGEANCE FROM DRACO TO DEMOSTHENES; CHAPTER 1: THE LEGISLATION OF DRACO; CHAPTER 2: AVENGING A HOMICIDE IN CLASSICAL ATHENS; CHAPTER 3: HOMICIDE, PIETY, AND THE FAMILY; CHAPTER 4: [DEMOSTHENES] 47 AND THE LIMITS OF VENGEANCE; PART II: HOMICIDE, VENGEANCE, AND THE THIRTY TYRANTS; CHAPTER 5: FROM APAGÔGÊ TO AMNESTY: CONTINUITY AND CHANGE; CHAPTER 6: LYSIAS 12: PLAYING BY THE RULES; CHAPTER 7: LYSIAS 13: VENGEANCE RESURGENT; CONCLUSION; APPENDIX; BIBLIOGRAPHY; GENERAL INDEX

"The twentieth century saw dramatic changes in the once Kurd-dominated Kirkuk region of Iraq. Despite having repeatedly relied on the Kurdish population of Iraq for military support, on three occasions the United States have abandoned their supposed allies in Kirkuk. The Great Betrayal provides a political and diplomatic history of the Kirkuk region and its international relations from the 1920s to the present day. Based on first-hand interviews and previously unseen sources, it provides an accessible account of a region at the very heart of America's foreign policy priorities in the Middle East. In September 2017, Iraqi Kurdistan held an independence referendum, intended to be a starting point on negotiations with the Iraqi Government in Baghdad on the terms of a friendly divorce. Though the US, Turkey, and Iran opposed it, the referendum passed with 93% of the vote. Rather than negotiate, Iraq's Prime Minister Heider al-Abadi issued an ultimatum and then attacked the region. Iraq's Kurdish population have been abandoned, once again, by their supposed allies in the US. In this book, David L. Phillips reveals the failings of America's policies towards Kirkuk and the devastating effects of betraying an ally."--Bloomsbury Publishing

""From Bullets to Ballots" considers non-State Muslim organizations at different stages of abandoning violence and pursuing their goals through a political process. Some have successfully made the transition. Others are in mid-stream. Some have tried but backtracked, splintered, or simply abandoned such efforts reverting to pathological violence. Many groups could be case studies, but Phillips has selected the Muslim Brotherhood of Egypt, Hamas, Hezbollah, Kurdistan Workers Party, Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front, and the Free Aceh Movement, because they cover the spectrum. This book deals with political strategies for moderating violent Muslim movements by engaging them in the political process. In strong criticism of the Bush administration, Phillips notes that the push for democracy may have increased conflict by giving violent groups "the ballot" which they use to gain power. Focusing on non-state Muslim organizations, "From Bullets to Ballots" considers the relationship between ideology and policy. Phillips discusses their origin, ideology, structure and leadership and examines financing, activities, and communications. He assesses the group's commitment to elections and its acceptance of the responsibility that comes with governance."From Bullets to Ballots" draws on twenty years of Phillips' experience working democratization and conflict prevention in the Middle East, the Balkans, the Caucasus, and South Asia. His recommendations are primarily directed to the United States because he believes the United States should be a leader in promoting democracy around the world. At the same time, he is convinced that the United States must tread softly, or run the risk of fomenting further violence, undermining future democratic development, and setting back its national interests. This is a provocative, informed, and balanced analysis of the theories behind current policies."--Provided by publisher.

Homicide -- Wounding, battery, and hubris -- Sexual offenses -- Defamation -- Marriage and dowry -- Children and citizenship -- Estates and epiklêroi -- Damage -- Theft -- Contracts and commerce -- Impiety -- Treason, subversion, bribery, and apatê tou dêmou (deceiving the people)

Introduction -- Culture and history -- Yugoslavia's collapse -- Diaspora politics -- International advocacy -- The Kosova Liberation Army -- Righteous Serbs -- Last-ditch diplomacy -- The United Nations mission in Kosovo -- Spring riots -- Martti Ahtisaari -- The home stretch -- Lessons of intervention

The drums of war -- Iraqi Kurdistan -- The future of Iraq project -- Gridlock -- Breaking the ice -- The principals committee -- Ahmad Chalabi -- Wilton Park -- The opposition conference -- The enemy of my enemy -- A war within a war -- Orha -- Basic nihilistic impulse -- De-ba'athification -- Occupation -- Self-rule -- Interim constitution -- Fighting on two fronts -- The handover.

This book focuses on the challenges that an ageing Asia-Pacific population poses to economies and societies in the region. It considers the policies that have evolved to date to meet new demands, and how these will operate in the future.