Suchergebnisse

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Margutti microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 638 ha in Margutti microwatershed in Gulbarga taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought -prone with an average annual rainfall of 740 mm, of which about 540 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 126 mm during north-east and the remaining 74 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 95 per cent is covered by soils, five per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 23 soil phases (management units) and 6 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from the 3rd week of May to 1rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 19 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 93 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 2 per cent is not suitable for agriculture.  About 29 per cent of the soils are moderately deep to deep (75-150 cm), 59 per cent are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm) and about 8 per cent are very shallow (200mm/m) in available water capacity, 14 per cent medium (100-150 mm/m) and 66 per cent low (51-100 mm/m) to very low (0.75%) in organic carbon.  Major area of 92 per cent has soils that are low (57kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 60 per cent medium (145-337 kg/ha), 24 per cent high (>337 kg/ha) and 12 per cent low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm).  About 2 per cent area has soils that are deficient (4.5 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  About 24 per cent area has soils that are deficient (0.6 ppm).  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 186 (29) 4 (1) Guava - 200(31) Maize - - Jackfruit - - Red gram - 190 (30) Jamun - 186(29) Sunflower 186 (29) - Musambi 99 (16) 101(16) Cotton 99 (16) 90 (14) Lime 99 (16) 101(16) Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean 186(29) 4 (1) Custard apple 200 (31) 347(54) Bengalgram 189(30) 191(30) Amla 200 (31) 170 (27) Mango - - Tamarind - 186 (29) Sapota - 200(31) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helps sustained production and also in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would helps in not only supplementing the farm income but also provides fodder and fuel, generate lot of biomass. This helps in maintaining an ecological balance and also contributes to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Margutti micro-watershed (Kamlapur sub-watershed, Gulbarga taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 17035' – 17037' North latitudes and 76059' – 7701' East longitudes, covering an area of about 638 ha, surrounded by Dongargaon, Bhimnalli, Bachnal and Kamlapur villages with a length of growing period (LGP) 120- 150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for Margutti micro-watershed, Gulbarga taluk and district are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 69 to 31 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 58.6 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 81 per cent.  Social groups belong to scheduled caste (SC) is around 70 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 70 per cent.  About 10 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (10 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system among all sample households.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 20 per cent of sample household.  Women participation in decisions making for agriculture production among all households was found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 2.83 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to medium and semi-medium farmers. The total cultivated land of dry land condition among the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation and agriculture labour is predominant subsidiary occupation for 72.4 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.110297 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs.4150 per household, about 80 per cent of sample farmers having weeder and plough (40%).  The average value of livestock is around Rs.44750 per household; about 90 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 819.5 grams (1837.46 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Among all sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.19780 per household. Among all sample farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.2073. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 3344 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 2039998 per year for the total area of 638 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs.3963/ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in red gram (Rs. 12227) and green gram is negative returns.  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in red gram (Rs. 50552) followed by green gram (Rs. 33122). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is red gram (98.5%) followed by green gram (1.5 %).  In Margutti micro-watershed, major soil are basaltic landforms of Kalamundaragi (KGI) series is having shallow soil depth cover around 56.3 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram (97.7 %) and green gram (2.3 %). Novinihala (NHA) is also having shallow soil depth cover 26.73 % of area, the crops are red gram. Kamalapur (KMP) soil series having moderately deep soil depth cover around 13.59 % of areas, crops are red gram. 3  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for red gram ranges between Rs. 29084/ha in NHA soil (with BCR of 1.39) and Rs. 16610/ha in KGI soil (with BCR of 1.6).  In green gram the cost of cultivation in KGI soil is Rs 44134/ha (with BCR of 0.54).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in red gram (5.4 to 37.6 %) and green gram (43.8 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Devihal-4 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 325 ha in Shirahatti taluk of Gadag district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 633 mm, of which about 363 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 165 mm during north-east and the remaining 105 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 85 per cent is covered by soils and 15 per cent is covered by rock lands and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 8 soil series and 18 soil phases (management units) and 7 land use classess.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 1st week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 79 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 21 per cent is not suitable for agriculture.  About 60 per cent of the soils are shallow (25-50 cm) to moderately shallow (50-75 cm) and about 24 per cent are moderately deep (75-100 cm) to very deep (>150 cm) soils.  About 82 per cent of the area has loamy soils at the surface and 3 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface.  About 12 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils, 41 per cent gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel), 26 per cent very gravelly (35- 60% gravel) soils and 5% of the soils are extremely gravelly.  About 71 per cent low (51-100 mm/m) to very low (0.6 ppm) in 11 per cent and deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 74 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 23 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 37(11) 58(18) Sapota 9(3) 62(19) Maize 37(11) 58(18) Jackfruit 9(3) 34(10) Cotton 43(13) 52(16) Jamun 9(3) 34(10) Sunflower 43(13) 52(16) Musambi 9(3) 34(10) Onion 71(22) 24(7) Lime 9(3) 34(10) Groundnut 71(22) 165(51) Cashew 9(3) 71(23) Chilli 71(22) 24(7) Custard apple 43(13) 193(59) Sugarcane 43(13) 28(9) Amla 43(13) 193(59) Pomegranate 43(13) 28(9) Tamarind 9(3) 34(10) Tomato 71(22) 24 (7) Marigold 71(22) 33(10) Guava 43(13) - Chrysanthemum 71(22) 33(10) Mango 9(3) 34(10) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass. This helps in maintaining an ecological balance and also helps in mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Devihal-4 micro-watershed (Nilogal sub-watershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) is located in between 1507' – 1508' North latitudes and 75037' – 75038' East longitudes, covering an area of about 325 ha, bounded by Majjur village on north, Chabbi, Devihal village on the west, Rantur village on the east with a length of growing period (LGP) 150-180 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Devihal-4 Microwatershed (Nilogal subwatershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 57.9 and 42.1 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 54.3 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 77.2 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 90.0 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 80.0 per cent.  About 40.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (90%) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 70.0 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 60.0 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making for agriculture production among all sample households was found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.5 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The dry land account for 66.4 per cent 2 and irrigated land 33.6 per cent of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 7.7 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 84.6 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 14930 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 80401 per household, about 31.0 per cent of sample farmers having plough and sprayer (20 %).  The average value of livestock is around Rs.21766 per household; about 75.5 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 725.5 grams (1552.9 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 80.0 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs .23559 per household. About all sample farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.1510. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 1494 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 407982 per year for the total area of 325.11 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 6742/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in sunflower (Rs. 9893) followed by maize (Rs. 5512) and cotton (Rs. 4820).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 1162/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in maize (Rs. 2017) and cotton (Rs. 308).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in cotton (Rs. 43480) followed by sunflower (Rs. 337) and maize (Rs. 122). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is maize (75.2 %) followed by cotton (10.0 %) and sunflower (10.8 %).  In Devihal 4 Microwatershed, major soil is Kaggalipura (KGP) soil series having shallow soil depth cover around 6.0 % of area. On this soil farmers are 3 presently growing cotton (20 %) and maize (80 %). Lakkipur (LKR) soil series is also having moderately shallow soil depth cover 40.4 % of area, the crops are maize. Tammadahalli (TDH) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 7.35 % of area, crops are maize. Chikkamegheri (CKM) soil series having soil moderately shallow depth cover around 8.59 % of areas, crops are cotton (33 %) and maize (67 %). Kumchahalli (KMH) soil series having deep soil depth cover 10.48 % of areas; crops are maize (65 %), sunflower (35 %). Ranatur (RTR) soil series having very deep soil depth cover 2.28 % of areas; crops are bengal gram (17.4 %), maize (33.4 %) and sorghum (49.2 %). Murlapur (MLR) soil series having very deep soil depth cover 14.9 % of areas the crops is maize.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for cotton ranges between Rs. 32508 /ha in KGP soil (with BCR of 1.14) and Rs. 17208/ha in CKM soil (with BCR of 1.41).  In maize the cost cultivation is range between Rs. 38586/ha in RTR soil (with of 1.02) and Rs.15126/ha in CKM soil (with BCR of 1.77).  In sunflower the cost of cultivation in KMH soil is Rs. 19527/ha (with BCR of 1.51).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in cotton (45.9 to 45.9 %), maize (79.2 to 70.5 %) and sunflower (54.8 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Devihal-3 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 435 ha in Shirahatti taluk of Gadag district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 633 mm of which about 363 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 165 mm during north-east and the remaining 105 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 97 per cent is covered by soils, three per cent by rock lands and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 23 soil phases (management units) and 7 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 1st week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 97 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 3 per cent is not suitable for agriculture.  About 64 per cent of the soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm) to very shallow (150 cm) soils.  About 73 per cent of the area has loamy soils at the surface, 4 per sandy and 20 per cent of the area has clayey soils.  About 9 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils, 80 per cent gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel) and 9 per cent very gravelly (35- 60% gravel) soils.  About 16 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m), 81 per cent low (51-100 mm/m) to very low (0.75%) and low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 54 per cent and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 43 per cent area.  Available iron is deficient in about 59 per cent area and sufficient in 38 per cent area.  Available zinc is deficient in about 84 per cent area and sufficient in 13 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 23 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, prevailing market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 118 (27) 125(29) Sapota 43 (10) 102 (23) Maize 118 (27) 125(29) Jackfruit 35 (8) 27 (6) Cotton 71 (16) 192(44) Jamun 35 (8) 35 (8) Sunflower 71 (16) 192(44) Musambi 35 (8) 35 (8) Onion 137 (32) 125(29) Lime 35(8) 35 (8) Groundnut 137 (32) 200(46) Cashew 35 (8) 110 (25) Chilli 145 (33) 117(27) Custard apple 71 (16) 285(66) Sugarcane 71 (16) 75(17) Amla 71(16) 285 (66) Pomegranate 71 (16) 75 (17) Tamarind 35 (8) 35 (8) Tomato 145 (33) 116(27) Marigold 145 (33) 116 (27) Guava 63 (14) 8 (2) Chrysanthemum 145(33) 116 (27) Mango 35 (8) 35 (8) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LCUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to the problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass. This would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also help in mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Devihal-3 micro-watershed (Nilogal sub-watershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) is located in between 1507' – 1509' North latitudes and 75036' – 75038' East longitudes, covering an area of about 435 ha, bounded by Chabbi village on north, Nadigatti village on the west, Majjur and Devihal villages on the east with an length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Devihal-3 micro-watershed (Nilogal subwatershed, Shirahatti taluk and Gadag district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 51.8 to 48.2 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 48.2 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 69.7 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 90.0 per cent.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for cooking among 60.0 per cent.  About 50.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Farm households (90.0 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 90.0 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 50.0 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 1.8 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 50.0 per cent of households. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.6 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The dry land of 83.3 % and irrigated land 16.1% of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 20.4 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 74.3 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 14145 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 141683 per household, about 60 per cent of sample farmers having plough and bullock cart.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 26080 per household; about 83.3 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 878.7 grams (1898.5 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 50.0 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 40187 per household. About 80.0 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.1306. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 1084 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 4458572 per year for the total area of 435.54 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 12856/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in onion (Rs. 21418) followed by sorghum (Rs. 12501), groundnut (Rs. 10847), sunflower (Rs. 9116), maize (Rs. 8305) and green gram (Rs. 4950).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs 1496/ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in maize (Rs 2379) followed by groundnut (Rs 1337) and sorghum (Rs 771).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in sunflower (Rs.32384), followed by green gram (Rs 32286), sorghum (Rs.27823), maize (Rs.23085), groundnut (Rs.16454), and onion (Rs.15504). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is groundnut (25.5 %) followed by maize (21.0 %), onion (16.1), sunflower (10.9 %), sorghum (10.7 %) and green gram (7.9 %).  In Devihal 3 Microwatershed, major soil is soil of Devihal (DVH) series is having very shallow soil depth cover around 6.32 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing onion. Kaggalipura (KGP) soil is also having very shallow soil depth cover (3.92 %) of area; the crops are sunflower. Chikkamegheri (CKM) soil series having moderately deep soil depth cover around 17.23 per cent of areas, crops are groundnut (28 %), maize (28 %), green gram (22 %) and sorghum (22 %). Lakkipura (LKR) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 21.65 per cent of area; crops are sorghum (66 %) and sunflower (34 %), Ranatur (RTR) soil series having very deep soil depth cover 5.79 ha of area; crop are groundnut (47 %) and maize (53 %) and Thammadahalli soils are moderately shallow soil depth cover 26.81 per cent of area; crops are groundnut.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for sunflower ranges between Rs. 35405 /ha in KGP soil (with BCR of 1.45) and Rs. 23330/ha in LKR soil (with BCR of 11.18).  In groundnut the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 23720/ha in RTR soil (with BCR of 1.35) and Rs. 22644/ha in TDH soil (with BCR of 1.74).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation range between is Rs. 13952/ha in LKR soil (with BCR of 2.54) and Rs. 10338/ha in CKM soil (with BCR of 1.19).  In maize the cost of cultivation ranges between Rs. 25385/ha in RTR soil (with BCR of 1.52) and Rs. 21308/ha in CKM soil (with BCR of 1.10).  In onion the cost of cultivation in DVH soil is Rs. 14182/ha (with BCR of 3.22) and green gram the cost cultivation in CKM soil is Rs.18425/ha (with BCR of 1.30).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soils to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation. 4  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in groundnut (63.9 to 68.4 %), maize (79 to 82.1 %), sorghum (86.1 to 48.1 %), sunflower (51 to 30 %), onion (76.6 %) and green gram (45.3 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Dummadri-4 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 585 ha in Dummadri-4 microwatershed in Jewargi taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 751 mm, of which about 538 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 75 mm during the rest of the year. 96 per cent area is covered by soils and 4 per cent is by habitation and waterbodies. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 2 soil series and 4 soil phases (management units) and one land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 1st week of June to 1st week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 19 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with the constraints were generated.  96 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 4 per cent is not suitable.  About 89 per cent of the soils are very deep (>150 cm) and 7 per cent is deep (100- 150 cm) soils.  Entire area in the microwatershed has clayey soils at the surface.  Entire area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 35 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1), 61 per cent moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 72 per cent has soils that are strongly alkaline soils (pH 8.4-9.0) and 24 per cent very strongly alkaline (>9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in 118 ha (20%) in organic carbon.  Major area of 83 per cent has soils that are low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 66 per cent high (>337 kg/ha) and 30 per cent medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is medium (10-20 ppm) in 76 per cent and 20 per cent high (>20 ppm) in available sulphur.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) and 5 per cent is deficient (0.6 ppm).  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 562 (96) - Guava - 562 (96) Maize - - Jackfruit - - Red gram - 562 (96) Jamun - 562 (96) Soybean 562 (96) - Musambi 562 (96) - Bengalgram 562 (96) - Lime 562 (96) - Sunflower 562 (96) - Cashew - - Cotton 562 (96) - Custard apple 562 (96) - Sugarcane - - Amla 562 (96) - Mango - - Tamarind - 562 (96) Sapota - 562 (96) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the one identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass. This would help in maintaining ecological balance and contribute to mitigating climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Dummadri-4 micro-watershed (Dummadri sub-watershed, Jewargi taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 16045' – 16048' North latitudes and 76030' – 76034' East longitudes, covering an area of about 585.29 ha, bounded by Dummadri, Kachapura, Vadagera and Sumbada villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120- 150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for Dummadri-4 micro-watershed (Dummadri subwatershed, Jewargi taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 61.5 to 38.5 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 56.4 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 69.2 per cent.  Social groups belong to general caste is around 70.0 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among all the households.  About 20.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  About 10.0 per cent of farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 90.0 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 10.0 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 30 per cent of households were found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.98 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The dry land is total cultivated area among all the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 27.6 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 65.5 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 19429 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 7929 per household, about 50 per cent of sample farmers having bullock cart.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 57222 per household; about 50 per cent of household are having livestock in sample households.  The average per capita food consumption is around 869 grams (1871.3 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Among all sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 55082 per household. About 70.0 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs. 2707. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 894 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 502518 per year for the total area of 563 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 20104/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in cotton (Rs. 29367) followed by redgram (Rs. 20481) and paddy (Rs. 10464).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs 1366/ ha/year is paddy.  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in red gram (Rs. 59056), cotton (Rs. 48673) and paddy (Rs. 29483). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is paddy (55.0 %) followed by cotton (24.9 %) and red gram (20.1 %)  In Dummadri micro-watershed, major soil are Yedrami (YDM) series having very deep soil depth cover around 88.6 % of area; the main crop are cotton (24.6 %), paddy (55.4 %) and redgram (20.0 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for paddy in YDM soil is Rs.27719/ha (with BCR of 1.41). 3  In cotton the cost of cultivation in YDM soil is Rs.20164/ha (with BCR of 2.52) and red gram the cost of cultivation in YDM soil is Rs 17487/ha (with BCR of 2.19).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in paddy (69.9%), cotton (29.3%) and redgram (11.1 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Sonath-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 445 ha in Sonath -1 microwatershed in Gulbarga taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 740 mm, of which about 540 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 126 mm during north-east and the remaining 74 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 96 per cent is covered by soils, four per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 5 soil series and 14 soil phases (management units) and 5 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from the 3rd week of May to 1rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 19 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 80 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 16 per cent is not suitable for agriculture.  About 65 per cent area has very shallow (150 cm) soils.  About 72 per cent of the area has clayey soils and about 24 % loamy soils at the surface.  About 55 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils, 12 per cent gravelly to very gravelly soils (15-60 % gravel) and 29 per cent extremely gravelly soils (60-80%).  About 65 per cent of the area has soils that are very low (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 67 per cent of the area has very gently sloping (1-3%), about 13 per cent area is gently sloping (3-5%) and about 16 per cent area has moderately sloping (5-10%) lands.  An area of about 34 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1), 33 per cent moderately eroded (e2) and 29 per cent severely eroded (e3).  An area of about 23 per cent has soils that are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 7.8), about 37 per cent moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4), about 15 per cent strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 22 per cent area is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  Major area of 47 per cent has soils that are low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 7 per cent low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  About 82 per cent area has soils that are deficient (0.6 ppm).  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 140 (31) - Sapota - - Maize - - Jackfruit - - Red gram - 140 (31) Jamun - 107 (24) Sunflower 140 (31) - Musambi 107 (24) 33 (7) Cotton 107 (24) 33 (7) Lime 107 (24) 33 (7) Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean 140 (31) - Custard apple 140 (31) - Bengal gram 140 (31) 75 (17) Amla 140 (31) - Guava - - Tamarind - 107 (24) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in sustained production and also maintaining in the ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provides fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass. This helps in maintaining an ecological balance and also contributes to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Sonath-1 micro-watershed (Sonath-1 sub-watershed, Gulbarga taluk and district) is located in between 17035'–17037' North latitudes and 7705'–7707' East longitudes, covering an area of about 445 ha, bounded by Mormanchi, Malsapur, Kinhi, Chengta and Margatti villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for Sonath-1 micro-watershed (Sonath subwatershed, Gulbarga taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 60.5 to 39.5 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 62.8 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 72.1 per cent.  Social groups belong to general caste is around 50 per cent.  Wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 50 per cent.  About 10 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 60 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 30 per cent of sample household.  Women participation in decisions making is among all the households were found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding 1.6 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belonging to marginal and small and large farmers. The rain fed land is the total cultivated land area among all the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 72.1 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation around 11.6 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.75901 per household. Mobile and television are popular mass media communication.  The average farm assets value is around Rs. 181375 per household, about 50 per cent of sample farmers having bullock cart, plough, sprayer and tractor.  The average livestock value is around Rs. 71250 per household; among the all sample household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 823 grams (1811.5 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 60 per cent of sample farmers are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 55519 per household. About 80 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs. 2428. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 628 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 345861 per year for the total area of 444.65 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 8286/ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in redgram (Rs. 19003) followed by black gram (Rs. 3970) and green gram (Rs. 1886).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in redgram (Rs. 57451) followed by green gram (Rs. 48847) and black gram (Rs. 45488). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is redgram (86.0 %) followed by black gram (8.2 %) and green gram (5.7 %).  Sonath-1 micro-watershed, major soil is Marguti (DDT) series having very shallow soil depth cover around 44.9 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing redgram, Novinihala (DGR) are having shallow soil depth cover around 3 16.9 % of area, the crops are red gram and Mannur soil series having very deep soil depth cover around 24.0 % of area; major crops are black gram, red gram and green gram.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for red gram ranges between Rs. 23799 ha in MAR soil (with BCR of 1.46) and Rs.19508 /ha in NHA soil (with BCR of 2.53).  In green gram the cost of cultivation Rs 38785ha in MAR soil (with BCR of 1.06) and black gram the cost of cultivation in MAR soil Rs.22377/ha (with BCR of 1.18).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in red gram (0 to 21.2 %), green gram (18.5 %) and black gram (32.5 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Gundagurti Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 431 ha in Chitapur taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 762 mm, of which about 571 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 99 mm during north-east and the remaining 92 mm during the rest of the year. Entire area of the microwatershed is covered by soils. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 3 soil series and 6 soil phases (management units) and 2 Land Use Classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 2rd week of June to 3rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 19 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area of about 365 ha (85%) the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture and 35 ha (8%) not suitablefor agriculture, but suited for other alternative use.  An area of about 364 ha (85%) in the microwatershed has soils that are very deep (>150 cm) to deep (100-150 cm) and very shallow soils (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 93 per cent of the area has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 43 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1), 49 per cent moderately eroded (e2) and 1 per cent severely eroded (e3).  An area of about 62 per cent soils that are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4), 27per cent area have strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 3 per cent area having slightly alkaline (pH 6.5-7.8) soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75) in organic carbon.  About 87 per cent of the area is low (1 ppm) in 4 per cent area.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 88 per cent area and deficient (0.6 ppm) in 1 per cent of soils of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 185 (43) 180(42) Sapota - 365(85) Maize - - Jackfruit - - Redgram - 365(85) Jamun - 365(85) Sunflower 185 (43) 180(42) Musambi 365(85) - Cotton 185 (43) 180(42) Lime 365(85) - Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean 185 (43) 180(42) Custard apple 365(85) - Bengal gram 365(85) - Amla 365(85) - Guava - 365(85) Tamarind - 365(85) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the two identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the income but also provide fodder and fuel, generate lot of biomass, thus helping in maintaining an ecological balance and also in mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Gundagurthi micro-watershed (Invi sub-watershed, Chitapur taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 17013' – 17015' North latitudes and 7702' – 7705' East longitudes, covering an area of about 431 ha, bounded by Mopti, Mattimadu, Tengli and Invi villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for Gundagurthi micro-watershed (Invi subwatershed, Chitapur taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 50 to 50 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 59 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 64 per cent.  Social groups belong to scheduled caste (SC) is around 20 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 10 per cent.  About 30 per cent of households have a Bhima and Yashaswini health card.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 80 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 20 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 4 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making for agriculture production among all households was found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 0.93 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal farmers. The total cultivated by dry land condition among the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 24 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 64 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 83793 per household. Mobile and television are mass popular mass communication media.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 7760 per household, about 20 per cent of sample farmers owen plough and sprayer (10 %).  The average livestock value is around Rs. 34429 per household; about 50 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 1015.9 grams (2207.6 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 10 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 22008 per household. Among all sample farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs. 3434. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 829 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 329108 per year for the total area of 431.12 ha.  The ecosystem service per hectare food grain production services is maximum in red gram (Rs.12292).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in red gram (Rs. 59120) Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is red gram (100 %)  In Gundagurthi micro-watershed, major soil are alluvial landscape of Dhandothi (DDT) series is having Very deep soil depth cover around 71.31 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram and Dargah (DRG) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 13.32 % of areas, crops are red gram.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for red gram ranges between Rs. 46962/ha in DRG soil (with BCR of 0.97) and Rs. 28480/ha in DDT soil (with BCR of 1.60). 3  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in red gram (6.6 to 12.5 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; Not Available ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Yedrami-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 577 ha in Yedrami-2 microwatershed in Jewargi taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 751 mm of which about 538 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 75 mm during the rest of the year. 92 per cent area is covered by soils and 8 per cent is by habitation and waterbodies. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 11 soil phases (management units) and 4 landuse class units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 1st week of June to 1st week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with the constraints were generated.  92 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 8 per cent is not suitable.  About 32 per cent of the soils are deep to very deep (100->150 cm), about 6 per cent moderately deep (75-100 cm), about 8 per cent is moderately shallow (50-75 cm) and 46 per cent are very shallow to shallow (200mm/m) in available water capacity and about 14 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m) and low (51-100 mm/m) to very low (9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 337 kg/ha) and 76 per cent medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in available iron and 5 per cent deficient (<4.5 ppm) in available iron.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in all the soils.  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 218 (38) 46 (8) Guava - 84 (15) Maize - 46 (8) Jackfruit - - Red gram - 264 (46) Jamun - 183 (32) Soybean 218 (38) 46 (8) Musambi 183 (32) 36 (6) Bengalgram 264 (46) 42 (7) Lime 183 (32) 36 (6) Sunflower 120 (20) 99 (17) Cashew - - Cotton 183 (31) 82 (14) Custard apple 218 (38) 46 (8) Sugarcane - - Amla 218 (38) 46 (8) Mango - - Tamarind - 183 (31) Sapota - 84-(15) xvii Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the production and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the income, provide fodder and fuel, generate lot of biomass, of which would help in maintaining ecological balance and help in mitigating climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Yedrami-2 micro-watershed (Kempahalla sub-watershed, Jewargi taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 16048' – 16050' North latitudes and 76030' – 76032' East longitudes, covering an area of about 577.07 ha, bounded by Akhandahalli, Sumbada and Kachapura villages.with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for Yedrami-2 Microwatershed (Kempahalla subwatershed, Jewargi taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 65.8 to 34.2 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 52.7 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 84.2 per cent.  Social groups belong other backward castes (OBC) is around 55.6 per cent.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among 55.6 per cent.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 88.9 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 11.1 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making for agricultural production among all sample households to be found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 2.9 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to medium and semi medium farmers. The total cultivated land by dry land condition among the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 39.5 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 60.5 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.7666 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average per capita food consumption is around 695 grams (1448.5 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 66.7 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 52776 per household. About 66.7 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.1577. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 899 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 473009 per year for the total area of 577.07 hectare.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 15545/ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in redgram (Rs. 20315) and bengal gram (Rs. 10776).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in bengal grams (Rs. 62741) and in redgram (Rs. 50887). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is redgram (93.3 %) and bengal gram (6.7 %).  In yedrami 2 micro-watershed, major soil is soil of Marguti (MGT) series is having very shallow soil depth cover around 38.72 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing bengal gram (7.8 %) and red gram (92.2 %), Dimal (DIM) soil series are having deep soil depth cover 17.07 % of area, the crops grown is redgram (100 %), Mannur (MAR) soil series having very deep soil depth cover 14.57 % of area major crops grown is red gram.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for red gram ranges between Rs. 35415/ha in DIM soil (with BCR of 1.57) and Rs.18840/ha in MGT soil (with BCR of 2.36).  In bengal gram the cost of cultivation in MGT soil is Rs 21022/ha (with BCR of 1.51). 3  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in red gram (26.9 %) and bengal gram (38 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Chikkasavanur-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 474 ha in Shirahatti taluk of Gadag district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 633 mm of which about 363 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 165 mm during north-east and the remaining 105 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 88 per cent is covered by soils, 19 percent is covered by rock lands and three per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 25 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 1st week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 78 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 22 per cent is not suitable for agriculture.  About 69 per cent of the soils are very shallow (150 cm) soils.  About 8 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface, 56 per cent loamy soils and 14 per cent of the area has sandy soils at the surface.  About 9 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils, 55 per cent gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel) and 13 per cent very gravelly (35- 60% gravel) soils.  About 78 per cent low (51-100 mm/m) to very low (9.0), 22 per cent neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and 7 per cent slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is medium (10-20 ppm) in about 21 per cent area and about 57 per cent area is low (1.0 ppm) in 6 per cent area.  Available iron is deficient in about 21 per cent area and sufficient in 57 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  Available zinc is sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in 6 per cent and deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 71 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 23 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable(S1) Moderately suitable(S2) Highly suitable(S1) Moderately suitable(S2) Sorghum 75(16) 83 (18) Sapota - 41(9) Maize 75(16) 83 (18) Jackfruit - - Cotton - 158(33) Jamun - - Sunflower - 88(19) Musambi - - Onion 41(9) 117 (25) Lime - - Groundnut 41(9) 139(29) Cashew - 41(9) Chilli 41(9) 117(25) Custard apple - 180(39) Sugarca ne 41(9) 139(29) Amla - 69 (14) Pomegran ate - 41(9) Tamarind - - Tomato 41(9) 117 (25) Marigold 41(9) 133(28) Guava - 117 (25) Chrysanthem um 41(9) 133(28) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Chikasavanur-2 micro-watershed (Nilogal sub-watershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) is located in between 1504' – 1506' North latitudes and 75035' – 75037' East longitudes, covering an area of about 322 ha, bounded by Fatgoan Badani, Nilogal, Chikasavanur and Devihal villages with a length of growing period (LGP) 150- 180 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified for each watershed. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Chikasavanur-2 Microwatershed (Nilogal sub-watershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 62.7 to 37.3 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 50.9 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 72.5 per cent.  Social groups belong to scheduled caste (SC) is around 44.4 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 77.8 per cent.  About 44.4 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (66.7 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system among all the sample households.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 33.3 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 7.84 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making is around 58 per cent of households were found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.61 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The total cultivated land by dry land condition among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 22.2 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 33.3 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 106480 per household. Mobile and television are mass popular mass communication media.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 137948 per household; about 33.3 per cent of sample farmers owen plough and bullock cart.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 32550 per household; about 25 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 819.2 grams (1634.5 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 88.9 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 12537 per household. Among all sample farm households are above poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs. 1114. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 467 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 171969 per year for the total area of 474.16 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food production is around Rs. 20433/ ha/year. Per hectare food production services is maximum in lemon (Rs. 415454) followed by horse gram (Rs. 9228), sunflower (Rs. 5480), cowpea (Rs. 3575), Ragi (Rs. 1356) and sorghum negative returns.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 2213/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in maize greengram (Rs 2687) followed by sorghum (Rs. 1976) and maize (Rs. 1976).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in cotton (Rs. 49758), sorghum (Rs. 37643), greengram (Rs. 37317), sunflower (Rs. 33256) and maize (Rs. 21598). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is maize (65.9 %) followed by greengram (17.4 %), cotton (8.4 %), sorghum (5.6 %) and sunflower (2.8 %).  In Chikasavanur-2 micro-watershed, major soil are soil of alluvial landscape of Chikasavanur (CRS) and Kanchanahali (KNH) soil series are having shallow soil depth covered around 20.59 per cent and 9.61 per cent of areas respectively. On the soil farmers growing crops are maize and cotton. Kutegoudanahundi (KGH) series are having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 18.07 per cent of areas; crops on greengram (38%), maize (44%), sorghum (12 %) and sunflower (6%).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for sunflower Rs.57747/ha in KGH soil (with BCR of 1.20).  In cotton the cost of cultivation Rs. 34446/ha in KGH soil (with BCR of 1.47).  In maize the cost of cultivation ranges between Rs. 32642/ha in KGH soil (with BCR of 1.05) and Rs.17944/ha in CRS soil (with BCR of 81.34).  In greengram the cost of cultivation Rs. 19891/ha in KGH soil (with BCR of 1.17) and sorghum the cost of cultivation Rs 21936/ha in KGH soil (with BCR of 1.10).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in maize (71.5 to 81.8 %), cotton (56.0 %), sorghum (83.9 %), green gram (27.7 %), sunflower (38.5 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The land resource inventory of Hullur-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 448 ha in Shirahatti taluk of Gadag district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 633 mm, of which about 363 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 165 mm during north-east and the remaining 105 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 96 per cent is covered by soils, four per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 15 soil phases (management units) and 8 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 1st week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 96 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 4% is not suitable for agriculture.  About 13 per cent of the soils are shallow (25-50 cm) to moderately shallow (50-75 cm) and about 83 per cent are moderately deep (75-100 cm) to very deep (>150 cm) soils.  About 93 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface and 3 per cent of the area has loamy soils.  About 32 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils, 56 per cent gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel) and 2 per cent very gravelly (35- 60% gravel) soils.  About 22 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m), 62% is very high (>200mm/m) and 11 per cent low (51-100 mm/m) to very low (9.0).  About 95 per centhas soils are non saline ( 337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is high (>20 ppm) in about 30 per cent, medium (10-20 ppm) in about 46 per cent area and about 20 per cent area is low (1.0 ppm) in 2 per cent area.  Available iron is deficient in about 92 per cent area and sufficient in 4 per cent area.  Available zinc is deficient in about 95 per cent area and sufficient in <1 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 23 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 200 (45) 193 (43) Sapota - 50 (11) Maize 13 (3) 37 (8) Jackfruit - 4 (1) Cotton 181 (40) 213(47) Jamun - 4(1) Sunflower 181 (40) 192(44) Musambi 37 (8) 195 (44) Onion 46 (10) 4(1) Lime 37(8) 195 (44) Groundnut 13 (3) 37(8) Cashew - 17(4) Chilli 13 (3) 401(89) Custard apple 320 (71) 73(16) Sugarcane - 50 (11) Amla 320(71) 73 (16) Pomegranate - 394 (88) Tamarind - 4 (1) Tomato 46 (10) 368(82) Marigold 50 (11) 344 (77) Guava - 150 (33) Chrysanthemum 50(11) 344 (77) Mango - 4(1) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 8 identified LCUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass. This also helps in maintaining an ecological balance and contributes to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Hullur 2 Microwatershed (Hullur sub-watershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) is located in between 1503' – 1505' North latitudes and 75034' – 75036' East longitudes, covering an area of about 448 ha, bounded by Fatagoan Badani village on north, Amarapur village on the west, Jirmahadapur on the south, Nilogal village on the east with an length of growing period (LGP) 150-180 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Hullur 2 micro-watershed (Hullur subwatershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 65 to 35 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 60 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 79 per cent.  Social groups belong to scheduled caste (SC) is around 9 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 55 per cent.  About 18 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (80 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 73 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 55 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 9 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making for agriculture production among all households was found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 2.32 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to medium and semi-medium farmers. The dry land of 69.7 % and irrigated land 30.3 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 30 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 51 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 11127 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 111040 per household, about 82 per cent of sample farmers owen plough and sprayer.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 24750 per household; about 90 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 731.4 grams (1589 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 64 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 16407 per household. Among all sample farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs. 1125. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 1033 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 441031 per year for the total area of 571.40 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 4718/ha/year. Per hectare food production services is maximum in onion (Rs. 17422) followed by maize (Rs. 5715), horse gram (Rs. 5424), cotton (Rs. 2723) sorghum (Rs. 653), groundnut (Rs. 429) and sunflower (Rs. 653).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 2239/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in groundnut (Rs. 4803) followed by sorghum (Rs. 1647), horse gram (Rs. 1214) and maize (Rs. 1290).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in cotton (Rs. 49758) followed by sorghum (Rs. 37643), groundnut (Rs. 25959), maize (Rs. 23066), horse gram (Rs. 22416), sunflower (Rs. 12227) and onion (Rs. 10628). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is maize (68.7 %) followed by sunflower (6.2 %), onion (6.2 %), horse gram (6.2 %), sorghum (4.7 %), groundnut (4.9 %) and cotton (3.0 %).  In Hullur 2 Microwatershed, major soil series is soil of Yelisirunj (YSJ) series is having shallow soil depth cover around 4.4 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing maize (50 %) and horse gram (50 %). Attikatti (ATT) are having moderately shallow soil depth cover 4.7 % of area, the crops are groundnut (42.9 %) and maize (57.1 %). Jelligeri (JLG) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 1.4 % of areas, crops are onion. Mahalingapur Tanda (MPT) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 37.1 % of area, crops are maize. Hullur (HLR) soil series are having very deep soil depth cover around 8.2 % of area; the major crops grown are maize. Narasapura (KPR) soil series are having deep soil depth covers around 0.81 % of area, the major crop grown is cotton (6.6 %), maize (59.8 %), groundnut (3.3 %), onion (6.6 %), sorghum (10 %) and sunflower (13.6 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for maize the range between Rs. 24782/ha in ATT soil (with BCR of 1.18) and Rs.18845/ha in KPR soil (with BCR of 1.07).  In horse gram the cost of cultivation Rs. 20065/ha in YSJ soil (with BCR of 1.33).  In groundnut the cost of cultivation ranges between Rs. 51669/ha in KPR soil (with BCR of 1.20) and Rs. 36120/ha in ATT soil (with BCR of 1.03).  In onion cost of cultivation range between is Rs.39707/ha in JLG soil (with BCR of 1.79) and Rs 30948 in KPR soil (with BCR of 1.20).  In cotton the cost of cultivation is Rs 40502/ha in KPR soil (with BCR of 1.07).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation is Rs.24042/ha in KPR soil (with BCR of 1.10) and sunflower the cost of cultivation is Rs.17509/ha in KPR soil (with BCR of 1.04).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation. 4  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in horse gram (25.4 %), maize (82.1 to 70.7 %), groundnut (48.6 to 42.2 %), onion (87.3 to 80.6 %), cotton (27.7 %), sorghum (56.0 %) and sunflower (77.7 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kaligaudanahalli Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 612 ha in Gundlupet taluk of Chamarajanagar district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 734 mm, of which about 254 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 268 mm during north-east and the remaining 212 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 86 per cent is covered by soils, six per cent by others and two per cent is under forest. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 12 soil series and 36 soil phases (management units) and 10 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 1st week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 86 per cent area is suitable for agriculture, 6 per cent not suitable for agriculture and two per cent area is under forest.  About 56 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) to very deep (>150 cm) and 36 per cent are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm).  About 34 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface, 40 per cent loamy soils and 22 per cent area has sandy soils.  About 7 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils, 39 per cent gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel) and 49 per cent has very gravelly (35- 60% gravel) soils.  About 88 per cent has soils that are very low (200 mm/m) available water capacity.  About 86 per cent of the area has nearly level (0-1%) to very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and 10 per cent is under gently sloping (3-5%) to moderately sloping (5-10%) lands.  An area of about 64 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1), 22 per cent moderately eroded (e2) and 10 per cent soils are severely eroded (e3).  An area of about 2 per cent has soils that are slightly acidic (pH 6.0-6.5); 14 per cent neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and maximum area of about 80 per cent has soils that are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 7.8) to strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to 9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  About 40 per cent of the soils are low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 12 per cent of the soils are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (1.0 ppm) in 5 per cent area.  Available iron is deficient in about 51 per cent area and sufficient in 44 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in all the soils of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 27 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 8 (1) 183 (31) Sapota 36 (6) 6 (1) Maize 36 (6) 147 (25) Guava 36 (6) 6 (1) Redgram 36 (6) 16 (3) Banana 36 (6) 8 ( 1 ) Horsegram 36 (6) 163 (27) Jackfruit 36 (6) - Field bean 36 (6) 163 (27) Jamun 36 (6) 8 (1) Groundnut - 189 (32) Musambi 36 (6) 8 (1) Sunflower - 44 (7) Lime 36 (6) 8 (1) Cotton 8 (1) 147 (25) Cashew - 16 (3) Onion 36 (6) 155 (26) Custard apple - 108 (18) Potato 36 (6) 147 (25) Amla - 108 (18) Beans 36 (6) 155 (26) Tamarind 36 (6) 8 (1) Beetroot 36 (6) 147 (25) Marigold 36 (6) 161 (27) Turmeric 36 (6) 147 (25) Chrysanthemum 36 (6) 155 (26) Mango 36 (6) - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 10 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Kalligaudanahalli micro-watershed (Annurkeri sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district) is located in between 11041' – 11043' North latitudes and 76037' – 76041' East longitudes, covering an area of about 584 ha, bounded by Karle, Siddapura, Siidainapura and Maguvinahalli villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Kalligaudanahalli micro-watershed (Annurkeri sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 60 to 40 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 55 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 70.0 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward castes (OBC) among all sample households.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among all sample households.  About 20.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  About of farm households (10.0 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 80.0 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 70.0 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 25.7 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making for agriculture production among all households was found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 0.77 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The dry land of 70 per cent and irrigated land 30 per cent of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 2.3 per cent and agriculture is a main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 48.8 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 9875 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 2520 per household, about 90.0 per cent of sample farmers owned plough.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 19749 per household; about 66.6 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 612.6 grams (1466.7 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 90.0 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.79659 per household. Among all sample farm households are above poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.1543. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.1119.8 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs.628247 per year for the total area of 612.4 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 30962/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in potato (Rs. 125268) followed by onion (Rs. 78483), horse gram (Rs. 11372), maize (Rs. 9165), sorghum (Rs. 8385), groundnut (Rs. 4775) and sunflower (Rs. 4541).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 1108/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in maize (Rs. 2315) followed by groundnut (Rs. 820), sorghum (Rs. 761) and horse gram (Rs. 536).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in cotton (Rs. 59890) followed by sorghum (Rs. 46324), sunflower (Rs. 36827), horse gram (Rs. 27546), maize (Rs. 24574), groundnut (Rs. 20546), onion (Rs. 18140) and potato (Rs. 16304). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is sorghum (24.5 %) followed by maize (16.4%) sunflower (13.8 %), groundnut (11.3 %), onion (11.3 %), cotton (10.6 %), potato (7.6%) and horse gram (5.2 %).  In Kaligaudanahalli micro-watershed, major soil is soil of Hundipura (HDR) series soils is having shallow soil depth covers around 10.9 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing cotton (39.4%), horse gram (20.4%) and sunflower (40.1%), Kannigala (KNG) soils are having moderately deep and well drained soil depth covers around 16.4 % of area, the crops are onion (33.4%) and potato (66.6%). Honnegaudanahalli (HGH) soils are having very deep and well drained soil depth covers around 13.5 % of areas; crops are maize (37.5%) and sorghum (62.5%). Kalligaudanahalli (KDH) soils are having very deep soil depth covers around 31.6 % of area, crops are maize (50.0 %), sorghum (50.0 %) and Annurkeri (ARK) soil are having very deep and well drained soil depth covers around 6.3 % of area, the major crop grown is groundnut and onion.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for onion ranges between Rs.138356/ha in ARK soil (with BCR of 1.45) and Rs.88775/ha in KNG soil (with BCR of 2.0).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 35530/ha in KDH soil (with of 1.70) and Rs.8688/ha in HGH soil (with BCR1.81).  In sunflower the cost of cultivation is Rs. 39223/ha in HDR soil (with BCR of 1.13).  In maize the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 30105/ha in KDH soil (with BCR of 1.37) and Rs.20028/ha HGH soil (with BCR of 1.46).  In cotton cost of cultivation in HDR soil is Rs. 94916/ha (with BCR of 1.09).  In potato cost of cultivation in KNG soil is Rs. 50843/ha (with BCR of 3.46).  In groundnut the cost of cultivation in ARK soil is Rs. 26982/ha (with BCR of 1.21).  In sunflower cultivation in HDR soil is Rs 48657/ha (with BCR of 1.95) and horse gram the cost cultivation in HDR soil is Rs.19056/ha (with BCR of 1.94).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications are deeper soil to maximize returns. 4 Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in cotton (13.0 %), horse gram (8.3 %), sunflower (33.2 %), onion (69.6 to 75.7 %), potato (74.1 %), maize (73.1 to 78.4 %), sorghum (33.8 to 50.5 %) and groundnut (56.8 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The land resource inventory of Mormanchi microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 597 ha in Mormanchi microwatershed in Gulbarga taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 740 mm, of which about 540 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 126 mm during north-east and the remaining 74 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 96 per cent is covered by soils, four per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 15 soil phases (management units) and 5 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from the 3rd week of May to 1rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 19 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 81 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 15 per cent is not suitable for agriculture.  About 9 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100cm) to very deep (>150 cm), 25 per cent are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm) and about 62 per cent are very shallow (200mm/m) in available water capacity, 14 per cent medium (100-150 mm/m) and about 76 per cent low (51- 100 mm/m) and very low (0.75%) in organic carbon.  Major area of 95 per cent has soils that are low (20 ppm) in about 1 per cent area.  Available boron is low (0.6 ppm).  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 56 (9) 61 (10) Guava - - Maize - 61 (10) Jackfruit - - Red gram - 117 (20) Jamun - 37(6) Sunflower 56 (9) - Musambi 37(6) 20 (3) Cotton 56 (9) 61 (10) Lime 37(6) 20 (3) Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean 56 (9) 61 (10) Custard apple 56 (9) 61(10) Bengalgram 118(20) 87 (15) Amla 56 (9) 61(10) Mango - - Tamarind - 37 (6) Sapota - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helpssustained production and also in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges.This would helps in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel, generate lot of biomass thus helping in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Mormanchi Micro-watershed (Sonath sub-watershed, Gulbarga taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 17036' – 17038' North latitudes and 7704' – 7706' East longitudes, covering an area of about 597 ha, bounded by Gobbarwadi, Kinhi, Patvada, Bhimhalli and Chengta villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for Mormanchi Microwatershed (Sonath subwatershed, Gulbarga taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 65.4 to 34.6 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 59.6 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 40.4 per cent.  Social groups belong to scheduled caste (SC) among the all sample households.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among all the sample households.  Majority of farm households (10 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 80 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 40 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 1.9 per cent of sample households.  Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 1.9 per cent of farm households.  Women participation in decisions making of agriculture production among the all sample households. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 0.91 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The total cultivated land by dry land condition among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 17.4 per cent and agriculture is a main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 75.0 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 23900 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 11500 per household, about 30 per cent of sample farmers having ploughed and bullock cart.  The average livestock value is around Rs. 43000 per household; about 58 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 870.5 grams (2046.91 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 80.0 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.37480 per household. Among the all farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.2375. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 1441 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 827326 per year for the total area of 597.20 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 7005/ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in red gram (Rs. 11324) and black gram (Rs. 2685).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in black gram (Rs. 72496) and red gram (Rs. 64245). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is red gram (91.0 %) followed by black gram (9.0 %). 3  In Mormanchi Micro-watershed, major soil is Basaltic landforms of Margutti (MGT) series is having very shallow soil depth cover around 52.1 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram. Matki (MAT) series are also having very shallow soil depth cover around 9.7 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing black gram. Dinsi (DSI) series is having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 10.3 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for red gram ranges between Rs. 50083/ha in DSI soil (with BCR of 1.19) and Rs. 32666/ha in MGT soil (with BCR of 1.57).  In black gram the cost of cultivation is in MAT soil Rs 28808/ha (with BCR of 1.09).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in red gram (0 to 4.6 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Babulgaon-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 404 ha in Babulgaon-2 microwatershed in Humnabad taluk of Bidar district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought- prone with an average annual rainfall of 811 mm, of which about 609 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 109 mm during north-east and the remaining 93 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 97 per cent is covered by soils and three per cent is covered by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 34 soil phases (management units) and 4 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 1st week of June to 2nd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area is suitable for agriculture.  About 87 per cent of the soils are moderately deep to deep and very deep (75- >150 cm) and 10 per cent are shallow (25-50 cm) soils.  An area of 75 per cent has clayey soils at the surface and 22 per cent soils are loamy at the surface.  About 80 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils and 17 per cent gravelly to very gravelly (15-60% gravel) soils.  About 18 per cent of the area are very high (>200mm/m), 32 per cent medium (100- 150 mm/m) and 47 per cent low (50-100 mm/m) to very low (0.75%) in organic carbon and 5 per cent medium (0.5-0.75%) in organic carbon.  Major area of 85 per cent has soils that are low (57 kg/ha) in about 2 per cent area.  About 30 per cent area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) and 4 per cent is deficient in available iron.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  About 27 per cent area has soils that are deficient (0.6 ppm).  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 71 (18) 185 (46) Sapota 23 (6) 212(53) Maize - 185 (46) Jackfruit 97 (24) 151 (38) Red gram - 256 (64) Jamun 97 (24) 222 (55) Sunflower 71 (18) 185 (46) Musambi 23 (6) 296 (74) Cotton 65 (16) 187 (46) Lime 23 (6) 296 (74) Sugarcane - 185 (46) Cashew 103 (25) 136 (34) Soybean 71 (18) 200(50) Custard apple 181 (45) 144 (36) Bengalgram 71 (18) 185 (46) Amla 178 (44) 147 (36) Guava 23 (6) 212(52) Tamarind 97(24) 89 (22) Mango - 100 (25) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass. This helps in maintaining an ecological balance and also helps in mitigating the climate change.Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Babulgaon-2 micro-watershed (Raipalli sub-watershed, Humnabad taluk, Bidar district) is located in between 17040' – 17042' North latitudes and 77014' – 77016' East longitudes, covering an area of about 404 ha, bounded by Mustari, Udbal, Bannahalli and Bilkhera villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified for each watershed. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Babulgaon-2 micro-watershed in Raipalli sub-watershed, Humnabad taluk and Bidar district are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 68.1 to 31.9 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age group of 18 to 30 populations is around 57.5 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 85.1 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 50 per cent.  Fire wood and liquefied petroleum gas is the source of energy for a cooking among 70 per cent.  About 40 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  About 30 percent of farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system are among all households.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities, among all these study area household are not having toilet facilities.  Women participation in decisions making are around 90 per cent of households were found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 0.63 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belonging to marginal and small farmers. The total cultivated area by dry land condition of among all sample households. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 19.1per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 42.6 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 20229 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of livestock is around Rs.42667 per household; about 66.9 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 827grams (1879 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition recommendation at 827 gram. Around 82.9 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.31803 per household. Among all farm households are comes under the below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs. 2039. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 1406 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 548361 per year for the total area of 403 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 22424/ ha/year. Per hector food grain production services is maximum in redgram (Rs. 35746) followed by sugarcane (Rs. 26202) and maize (Rs. 5324).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in sugarcane (Rs. 146532) followed by redgram (Rs.63166) and maize (Rs. 25152). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is maize (17.3 %) followed by redgram (53.8%) sugarcane (25.5 %).  In Babulgaon-2 micro watershed, major soils of Babulgoan (BGN) series are having very soil depth cover around 17.7 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing redgram. Mudhanal (MNL) are also having deep soil depth cover around 3.7 % of area, major crops are redgram. Muthangi (MTN) soil series having moderately soil depth cover around 19.7 % of areas, crops are sugarcane. Mustarwadi (MWD) and soil series having very deep soil depth cover 24.7 % of areas crops are maize (29 %) and redgram (71%). 3  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for redgram ranges between Rs. 66484/ha in MNL soil (with of BCR of 0.83) and Rs. 41914/ha in MWD soil (with of BCR 1.15).  In sugarcane the cost of cultivation in MTN soil is Rs. 123820/ha (with of BCR 1.21).  In maize the cost of cultivation Rs. 23492/ha in MWD soil (with BCR of 1.23)  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in redgram (2.7 to 48%) followed by sugarcane (10.7%) and maize (75.2%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Indankal-3 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 713 ha in Chitapur taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 762 mm, of which about 571 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 99 mm during north-east and the remaining 92 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 699 ha (98%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils and 15 ha (2%) is covered by railway and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 4 soil series and 12 soil phases (management units) and 3 Land Use Classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 2nd week of June to 3rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 19 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area of about 98 per cent of the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  An area of about 96 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) to very deep (>150 cm) and moderately shallow (50-75 cm) soils of only 2 per cent area cover the microwatershed.  Entire area of the microwatershed has clayey soils at the surface  An area of about 85 per cent of the soils are non gravelly (200 mm/m) and an area of 4 per cent has low (51-100 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 90 per cent of the area has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and about 8 per cent of the area is gently sloping (3-5%).  An area of about 49 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1), 44 per cent moderately eroded (e2) and 5 per cent of soils are severely eroded (e3).  An area of about 58 per cent soils that are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4), 35 per cent area have strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) to very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) and very small area of 5 per cent soils are slightly alkaline (pH 7.0-7.8).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75) in organic carbon.  About 90 per cent of the area is low (4.5 ppm) in 95 per cent area and deficient in only 3 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 2 per cent of soils of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 257 (36) 440(62) Sapota - 643(90) Maize - - Jackfruit - - Redgram - 698(98) Jamun - 643(90) Sunflower 257 (36) 426(60) Musambi 540(76) 112(16) Cotton 257 (36) 440(62) Lime 540(76) 112(16) Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean 257 (36) 440(62) Custard apple 643(90) 56(8) Bengal gram 566(79) 133 (19) Amla 643(90) 56(8) Guava - 643(90) Tamarind - 643(90) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 3 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass, thus helping in maintaining an ecological balance and also in mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Indankal-3 micro-watershed (Mattimadu sub-watershed, Chitapur taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 17014' – 17016' North latitudes and 7703' – 7706' East longitudes, covering an area of about 713 ha, bounded by Mopti, Muchkhed, Totanhalli and Invi villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for Indankal-3 Microwatershed (Mattimadu subwatershed, Chitapur taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 64.9 to 35.0 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 56.2 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population among all sample households.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 40.0 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 80 per cent.  About 10 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Farm households (10 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 90 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 40 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making for agriculture production are among all sample households was found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 2.0 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The total cultivated land of dry land area among the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 28.1 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 64.9 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.12486 per household. Mobile and television are mass popular mass communication media.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs.8200 per household, about 10 per cent of sample farmers having plough and sprayer each.  The average value of livestock is around Rs.40000 per househol; about 20.0 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 799.2 grams (2044.1 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 70.0 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 28416 per household. About 90.0 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.4176. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.917 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 640830 per year for the total area of 713.2 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 9160/ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in red gram (Rs. 14415) and sorghum (Rs. 3905).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 1211/ ha/year is sorghum.  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in red gram (Rs 57946) and sorghum (Rs. 36905). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is red gram (95.9 %) and sorghum (4.1%).  In Indankal-3 Microwatershed, major soil is soil of Mathimuda (MTM) series is having moderately deep soil depth cover around 18.9 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing redgram (84.5 %) and sorghum (15.5 %). Dhrgah (DRG) and Dhandothi (DDT) soils series are having deep and very 3 deep soil depth cover 19.9 per cent and 57.0 per cent of area, respectively; the main crops are redgram.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for red gram ranges between Rs.25274 /ha in MTM soil (with BCR of 1.59) and Rs. 21108/ha in DRG soil (with BCR of 1.66).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation in MTM soil is Rs. 27660/ha (with BCR of 11.14).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in redgram (24.6 to 11.4 %) and sorghum (56.9 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Dharjamga-3 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 559 ha in Dharjamga-3 microwatershed in Gulbarga taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 740 mm, of which about 540 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 126 mm during north-east and the remaining 74 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 98 per cent is covered by soils, two per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 25 soil phases (management units) and 8 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from the 3rd week of May to 1rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 98 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 2 per cent is not suitable for agriculture.  About 28 per cent of the soils are moderately deep to deep (75-150 cm), 1 per cent of the soils are very deep (>150cm), 68 per cent are shallow to moderately shallow (25- 75 cm) and about 200mm/m) in available water capacity, 21 per cent medium (100-150 mm/m), and about 60 per cent low (51- 100 mm/m) to very low (0.75%) in organic carbon content.  Major area of 96 per cent has soils that are low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 54 per cent medium (145-337 kg/ha), 10 per cent high (>337 kg/ha) and 33 per cent low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm).  Available iron, manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  About 12 per cent area has soils that are deficient (0.6 ppm).  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 157 (28) 78 (14) Guava - 244(44) Maize - 11 (2) Jackfruit - 2(<1) Red gram - 210 (38) Jamun - 189(38) Sunflower 157 (28) - Musambi 96 (17) 148(26) Cotton 96 (17) 139 (25) Lime 96 (17) 148(26) Sugarcane - - Cashew 2 (1) 7(1) Soybean 157(28) 54 (10) Custard apple 237 (42) 223(40) Bengalgram 198(35) 118(21) Amla 237 (42) 84 (15) Mango - 2(<1) Tamarind - 190 (34) Sapota - 243(43) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 8 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would helps in not only supplementing the income but also provide fodder and fuel, generate lot of biomass thus helping in maintaining an ecological balance also helps in mitigating the climate change. ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project