Suchergebnisse

This case study deals with the regulation of human embryonic stem-cell (hESC) research in Brazil. It aims to analyze the process that led to the authorization, in 2005, of the use of stem cells obtained from so-called supernumerary embryos for purposes of research and therapy. We argue that the pro-research lobby in Brazil had considerable success because it framed the issue by referring to Brazil's peculiar policy background in the fields of assisted reproduction and embryo research. Moreover, this group of actors strategically avoided associating hESC research with abortion, highlighting the humanitarian aspects of this kind of research, rather than the motto of freedom of scientific research. Finally, it was able to rely on the judgment of a fairly progressive Supreme Court, which was also sensitive to public opinion at a time of 'court activism' or the 'judicialization of politics' in Brazil.

Malgré l'indéniable influence sociale du catholicisme au Portugal, son rôle politique dans le champ politique reste limité. Divisé et ballotté, depuis le XIX siècle, par les velléités laïcardes des républicains mais aussi par la volonté d'un Salazar de Pinstrumentaliser, il n'a jamais pu se construire une identité politique notamment partisane. La transition démocratique n'a fait que confirmer cette tendance, d'autant plus la religion catholique perd lentement mais sûrement son emprise sur la société portugaise.

UID/HIS/04209/2013 UID/CPO/04627/2013 ; The central role in Portuguese political culture of the identification of Portugal as a colonizing power legitimized a massive mobilization and violent response to the perceived existential threat of decolonization in the shape of prolonged wars in its main African colonies (1961–1974). If, however, this cultural myth of a Greater Portugal overseas was so powerful, how was decolonization eventually possible? The accumulated human and economic cost of facing three simultaneous, protracted anti-colonial insurgencies eroded this overseas creed and made Catholic and Marxist strands of anti-colonialism increasingly attractive to younger, more internationally connected, Portuguese elites. What also happened, however, this article will argue, was a refashioning of the powerful cultural myth of a special connection between Portugal and tropical Africa. A colonial myth was turned into a post-colonial myth legitimizing decolonization as a mutual and fraternal liberation from the same oppressive regime without a loss of strong 'natural' cultural bonds. More widely, the article aims to show that we cannot ignore the importance of cultural factors in international history. Our approach in this article is pluralist and this means that while arguing strongly for taking culture seriously and focusing on it, it does consider other, including more material, dimensions of power. ; authorsversion ; published

AbstractThis paper analyzes the regulation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in Brazil, focusing on the debates that preceded the enactment in 2005 of the current Biosafety Law and the factors (both domestic and international) that influenced the policy‐making process. More specifically, it identifies the social and governmental actors that influenced the congressional debates, showing how their interests and agenda were translated into two different institutional frameworks. Here, the policy outcome was what we call a "hybrid" and "conciliatory" regulatory model, which formally acknowledges the importance of both technical/scientific and social/political considerations in the evaluation of GMO biosafety and engages most of the stakeholders in the regulatory process. The new policy regime also establishes a middle ground between the conflicting demands of promoting agricultural development and protecting the country's biodiversity.

Au cours des années 2000, l'économie brésilienne a décollé, la croissance étant tirée notamment par la forte demande en matières premières de la Chine. En une décennie, la classe moyenne brésilienne est passée de 30 % à 50 % de la population. Les dirigeants politiques ont connu des taux de popularité exceptionnels. En 2013, le vent a tourné. Le taux de croissance est aujourd'hui en berne et la classe politique est engluée dans des scandales de corruption. Un rebond du Brésil est toutefois possible.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate how military training is being conducted by NATO coalition forces in Iraq. Thus, the intent of this paper is to discuss the implications of existing misalignments between the military forces that are providing the training and those receiving it. To that end, we have used an exploratory case study research, which included multiple sources of data collection for corroboration and triangulation purposes. The results that emerged from the content analysis showed two types of outcomes that may be relevant to improve the military training in Iraq. The first outcome is identified as the intangible actions, which were mainly focused on social relations, with the intent of narrowing the cultural gap between the international coalition and Iraqi forces. Without surprising, a second outcome is identified as tangible actions, which were associated with training programs and the establishment of tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) relevant to small and medium military units. Future research should focus on programs of "training the trainers" in order to develop long-term teaching and move forward with sustainable Iraqi Security Forces (ISF). ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

In this article, we conduct a single-case study of the conflict between the United States and the Islamic Republic of Iran (2007–10), from the perspective of the strategic returns obtained through the use of information technology to achieve criticism of infrastructure sectors. Our analysis highlights the conditions that allowed the North Americans to expand their power projection capabilities over their adversary, significant factors in explaining the origin and impact of cyber warfare today. By collecting evidence that reveals the functioning of the operational mechanism orchestrated by state and non-state actors to contain the Iranian nuclear program, we verify how cyberspace has become a key domain for achieving national strategic objectives. From this perspective, based on primary and secondary sources, we use qualitative analysis techniques to answer the following question: how did the United States use cyberspace to target the Iranian nuclear program?

O projeto "Educação para a cidadania digital e participação democrática" envolveu cerca de 200 crianças de Pré-escolar e 1º Ciclo, suas famílias, professoras e outros membros das comunidades escolar e educativa de Caneças, concelho de Odivelas, distrito de Lisboa. Assumindo como metodologia a investigação-ação, teve como objetivo central compreender em que medida uma ação concertada da escola, das famílias e da comunidade contribui para a preparação de crianças, dos três aos nove anos, para o exercício de uma cidadania digital ativa. Este artigo centra-se nas atividades de participação social das crianças, através dos média, tradicionais e digitais, envolvendo atividades marcadas pela transversalidade entre os contextos de aprendizagem formais, não-formais e informais. Os resultados mostram que a participação social das crianças através dos média aumentou, tendo evoluído paulatinamente, da produção de conteúdos de média tradicionais (jornal escolar) para a produção de conteúdos digitais (vídeo). Revelam ainda que um modelo de investigação-ação, efetivamente adaptado ao contexto e em função da prévia caracterização deste, é uma metodologia adequada ao desenvolvimento deste tipo de projetos. Mas o adequado desenvolvimento implica ainda apoio da direção da escola, apoio sustentado dos investigadores aos docentes e o desejável envolvimento de jornalistas e/ou outros profissionais de média. ; The project "Educação para a cidadania digital e participação democrática" [Digital citizenship education for democratic participation], which began in 2015, currently involves around 200 kindergarten and primary school children, their families, teachers and other members of the Caneças educational community, a neighbourhood in Odivelas, Lisbon. The project's methodology is action research, its objective is to understand how a coordinated action by a school, families and the community, contributes to enabling three to nine-year-old children to become active digital citizens. This paper focuses on social participation activities of children through traditional and digital media and involves activities that include formal, non-formal and informal learning contexts. Results show that social participation of children through the media increased and gradually evolved from producing traditional media content (school newspaper) to producing digital content (video). They also evidence that action research methodology, adjusted to context and deriving from prior understanding of the context, is an adequate methodology for developing this type of project. However, its adequate implementation implies the support of the school board, researchers' support to the teachers and the involvement of journalists and/or other media professionals.