Suchergebnisse

From the entry of Charles VIII in Italy, a disconnection occurs between the images produced in the Peninsula and politics, considered in its military developments. The analysis of the works of art produced in the courts of Mantua and Ferrara between 1494 and 1512 shows that the figurative field, like the historiographical reflection, seeks new solutions to understand and then to represent a historical reality that has become illegible. ; À compter de l'entrée de Charles VIII en Italie, une déconnexion se produit entre les images produites dans la Péninsule et la politique, considérée dans ses développements militaires. L'analyse des oeuvres produites au sein des cours de Mantoue et de Ferrare entre 1494 et 1512 montre que le champ figuratif, tout comme la réflexion historiographique, cherche des solutions inédites pour tenter de comprendre, puis de représenter une réalité historique devenue illisible.

From the entry of Charles VIII in Italy, a disconnection occurs between the images produced in the Peninsula and politics, considered in its military developments. The analysis of the works of art produced in the courts of Mantua and Ferrara between 1494 and 1512 shows that the figurative field, like the historiographical reflection, seeks new solutions to understand and then to represent a historical reality that has become illegible. ; À compter de l'entrée de Charles VIII en Italie, une déconnexion se produit entre les images produites dans la Péninsule et la politique, considérée dans ses développements militaires. L'analyse des oeuvres produites au sein des cours de Mantoue et de Ferrare entre 1494 et 1512 montre que le champ figuratif, tout comme la réflexion historiographique, cherche des solutions inédites pour tenter de comprendre, puis de représenter une réalité historique devenue illisible.

The blockchain, as underlying technology of Bitcoins, has implications that reach far beyond the original intent as virtual currency. In this paper, we investigate how blockchain technology can be encompassed in the innovation process and bring huge benefits to the patent system as well as copyrights, trade secrecy, defensive publications, and open innovation. We further explore the institutional support for the technology necessary for a successful implementation, in form of legislations and governmental projects. We find out that numerous authorities have started voting favorable legislations and recognizing the technology as a valid public ledger. Ultimately, we confirm our findings by interviewing three actors involved in the innovation process.Keywords: Bitcoin, Blockchain, Intellectual property, Legislation, Innovation

International audience ; The names of Machiavelli, Vettori and Guicciardini are united by the rich correspondence they have maintained, testimony to their friendship. This link was born from the missions they carried out, individually or in pairs, on behalf of the Florentine Republic between 1500 and 1513. The texts collected, translated and commented on in this volume are testimonies of these legations in France, in Germany and in Spain, written sometimes for the purpose of informing and advising the Florentine authorities, sometimes for the simple pleasure of keeping the memory of what their eyes had caught. Heterogeneous in their form and their destination, these writings illustrate the curiosity, the interest and, often, the disturbance which these young travelers feel in front of new universes for them, while the wars of Italy are already tearing Europe apart.This experience of the other thus turns out to be a crucial moment in the structuring of the political thought of these three major authors, at an age when their intellectual formation process is still in development. The Prince of Machiavelli, like the History of Italy by Francesco Guicciardini, founding works of modern historiography, find in these missions more than mere beginnings: each of their pages bears the reminiscence of an unprecedented desire to apprehend differently the world, to understand it better. ; Les noms de Machiavel, Vettori et Guicciardini sont unis par la riche correspondance qu'ils ont entretenue, témoignage de leur indéfectible amitié. Ce lien est né des missions qu'ils ont menées, individuellement ou à deux, pour le compte de la République florentine entre 1500 et 1513. Les textes réunis, traduits et commentés dans ce volume sont les témoignages de ces légations en France, en Allemagne et en Espagne, rédigés tantôt dans le but d'informer et de conseiller les autorités florentines, tantôt pour le simple plaisir de conserver le souvenir de ce qu'avait capté leur regard. Hétérogènes par leur forme et par leur destination, ces écrits illustrent la curiosité, l'intérêt et, souvent, le trouble que ressentent ces jeunes voyageurs face à des univers nouveaux pour eux, alors que les guerres d'Italie déchirent déjà l'Europe.Cette expérience de l'autre se révèle ainsi être un moment crucial dans la structuration de la pensée politique de ces trois auteurs majeurs, à un âge où leur processus de formation intellectuelle est encore en développement. Le Prince de Machiavel, comme l'Histoire d'Italie de Francesco Guicciardini, ouvrages fondateurs de l'historiographie moderne, trouvent dans ces missions plus que de simples prémices : chacune de leurs pages porte la réminiscence d'une volonté inédite d'appréhender différemment le monde, pour mieux le comprendre. ; I nomi di Machiavelli, Vettori e Guicciardini sono uniti dalla ricca corrispondenza che hanno mantenuto, testimonianza della loro amicizia. Questo collegamento è nato dalle missioni che hanno svolto, individualmente o in coppia, per conto della Repubblica fiorentina tra il 1500 e il 1513. I testi raccolti, tradotti e commentati in questo volume sono testimonianze di queste legazioni in Francia, in Germania e in Spagna, a volte scritte allo scopo di informare e consigliare le autorità fiorentine, a volte per il semplice piacere di conservare il ricordo di ciò che i loro occhi avevano catturato. Eterogenei nella loro forma e destinazione, questi scritti illustrano la curiosità, l'interesse e spesso il disturbo che questi giovani viaggiatori sentono di fronte a nuovi universi per loro, mentre le guerre d'Italia stanno già facendo a pezzi l'Europa.Questa esperienza dell'altro risulta quindi essere un momento cruciale nella strutturazione del pensiero politico di questi tre autori, in un'epoca in cui il loro processo di formazione intellettuale è ancora in fase di sviluppo. Il Principe di Machiavelli e la Storia d'Italia di Francesco Guicciardini, opere basilari della storiografia moderna, trovano molti loro fondamenti in queste missioni.

International audience ; The names of Machiavelli, Vettori and Guicciardini are united by the rich correspondence they have maintained, testimony to their friendship. This link was born from the missions they carried out, individually or in pairs, on behalf of the Florentine Republic between 1500 and 1513. The texts collected, translated and commented on in this volume are testimonies of these legations in France, in Germany and in Spain, written sometimes for the purpose of informing and advising the Florentine authorities, sometimes for the simple pleasure of keeping the memory of what their eyes had caught. Heterogeneous in their form and their destination, these writings illustrate the curiosity, the interest and, often, the disturbance which these young travelers feel in front of new universes for them, while the wars of Italy are already tearing Europe apart.This experience of the other thus turns out to be a crucial moment in the structuring of the political thought of these three major authors, at an age when their intellectual formation process is still in development. The Prince of Machiavelli, like the History of Italy by Francesco Guicciardini, founding works of modern historiography, find in these missions more than mere beginnings: each of their pages bears the reminiscence of an unprecedented desire to apprehend differently the world, to understand it better. ; Les noms de Machiavel, Vettori et Guicciardini sont unis par la riche correspondance qu'ils ont entretenue, témoignage de leur indéfectible amitié. Ce lien est né des missions qu'ils ont menées, individuellement ou à deux, pour le compte de la République florentine entre 1500 et 1513. Les textes réunis, traduits et commentés dans ce volume sont les témoignages de ces légations en France, en Allemagne et en Espagne, rédigés tantôt dans le but d'informer et de conseiller les autorités florentines, tantôt pour le simple plaisir de conserver le souvenir de ce qu'avait capté leur regard. Hétérogènes par leur forme et par leur destination, ces écrits illustrent la curiosité, l'intérêt et, souvent, le trouble que ressentent ces jeunes voyageurs face à des univers nouveaux pour eux, alors que les guerres d'Italie déchirent déjà l'Europe.Cette expérience de l'autre se révèle ainsi être un moment crucial dans la structuration de la pensée politique de ces trois auteurs majeurs, à un âge où leur processus de formation intellectuelle est encore en développement. Le Prince de Machiavel, comme l'Histoire d'Italie de Francesco Guicciardini, ouvrages fondateurs de l'historiographie moderne, trouvent dans ces missions plus que de simples prémices : chacune de leurs pages porte la réminiscence d'une volonté inédite d'appréhender différemment le monde, pour mieux le comprendre. ; I nomi di Machiavelli, Vettori e Guicciardini sono uniti dalla ricca corrispondenza che hanno mantenuto, testimonianza della loro amicizia. Questo collegamento è nato dalle missioni che hanno svolto, individualmente o in coppia, per conto della Repubblica fiorentina tra il 1500 e il 1513. I testi raccolti, tradotti e commentati in questo volume sono testimonianze di queste legazioni in Francia, in Germania e in Spagna, a volte scritte allo scopo di informare e consigliare le autorità fiorentine, a volte per il semplice piacere di conservare il ricordo di ciò che i loro occhi avevano catturato. Eterogenei nella loro forma e destinazione, questi scritti illustrano la curiosità, l'interesse e spesso il disturbo che questi giovani viaggiatori sentono di fronte a nuovi universi per loro, mentre le guerre d'Italia stanno già facendo a pezzi l'Europa.Questa esperienza dell'altro risulta quindi essere un momento cruciale nella strutturazione del pensiero politico di questi tre autori, in un'epoca in cui il loro processo di formazione intellettuale è ancora in fase di sviluppo. Il Principe di Machiavelli e la Storia d'Italia di Francesco Guicciardini, opere basilari della storiografia moderna, trovano molti loro fondamenti in queste missioni.

International audience From his legations in France and Germany, Machiavelli draws two diplomatic "portraits", the Ritracto di cose di Francia and the Ritracto delle cose della Magna, written between 1510 and 1512, in which he investigates the foundations of the power of these two states. The study of these writings shows not only a concomitance, but also a conceptual similarity between Machiavel's approach (which articulates his reflection around the representation of a territorial and collective identity) and that which brings about the advent of individual portrait in the figurative arts. From this correlation comes a profound change in the role that ambassadors must play in the new European geopolitical context. ; Le legazioni di Machiavelli in Francia e in Germania sono lo spunto di due "ritratti" diplomatici, il Ritracto di cose di Francia e il Ritracto delle cose della Magna, nei quali egli studia le basi della potenza di questi due stati. L'analisi di questi testi, ambedue scritti tra il 1510 e il 1512, mette in risalto una similitudine concettuale tra la riflessione machiavelliana, articolata intorno alla rappresentazione di un'identità territoriale e collettiva, e l'avvento del ritratto individuale nelle arti figurative. Questa correlazione mette in risalto il profondo mutamento che subiscono la funzione e il ruolo degli ambasciatori durante la prima fase delle guerre d'Italia. ; De ses légations en France et en Allemagne, Machiavel tire deux « portraits » diplomatiques, le Ritracto di cose di Francia et le Ritracto delle cose della Magna, rédigés entre 1510 et 1512, dans lesquels il investigue les fondements de la puissance de ces deux États. L'étude de ces écrits montre non seulement une concomitance, mais aussi une similitude conceptuelle entre la démarche entreprise là par Machiavel, qui articule sa réflexion autour de la représentation d'une identité territoriale et collective, et celle qui procède à l'avènement du portrait individuel dans les arts figuratifs. De cette corrélation découle une ...

International audience ; The names of Machiavelli, Vettori and Guicciardini are united by the rich correspondence they have maintained, testimony to their friendship. This link was born from the missions they carried out, individually or in pairs, on behalf of the Florentine Republic between 1500 and 1513. The texts collected, translated and commented on in this volume are testimonies of these legations in France, in Germany and in Spain, written sometimes for the purpose of informing and advising the Florentine authorities, sometimes for the simple pleasure of keeping the memory of what their eyes had caught. Heterogeneous in their form and their destination, these writings illustrate the curiosity, the interest and, often, the disturbance which these young travelers feel in front of new universes for them, while the wars of Italy are already tearing Europe apart.This experience of the other thus turns out to be a crucial moment in the structuring of the political thought of these three major authors, at an age when their intellectual formation process is still in development. The Prince of Machiavelli, like the History of Italy by Francesco Guicciardini, founding works of modern historiography, find in these missions more than mere beginnings: each of their pages bears the reminiscence of an unprecedented desire to apprehend differently the world, to understand it better. ; Les noms de Machiavel, Vettori et Guicciardini sont unis par la riche correspondance qu'ils ont entretenue, témoignage de leur indéfectible amitié. Ce lien est né des missions qu'ils ont menées, individuellement ou à deux, pour le compte de la République florentine entre 1500 et 1513. Les textes réunis, traduits et commentés dans ce volume sont les témoignages de ces légations en France, en Allemagne et en Espagne, rédigés tantôt dans le but d'informer et de conseiller les autorités florentines, tantôt pour le simple plaisir de conserver le souvenir de ce qu'avait capté leur regard. Hétérogènes par leur forme et par leur destination, ces ...

International audience ; The names of Machiavelli, Vettori and Guicciardini are united by the rich correspondence they have maintained, testimony to their friendship. This link was born from the missions they carried out, individually or in pairs, on behalf of the Florentine Republic between 1500 and 1513. The texts collected, translated and commented on in this volume are testimonies of these legations in France, in Germany and in Spain, written sometimes for the purpose of informing and advising the Florentine authorities, sometimes for the simple pleasure of keeping the memory of what their eyes had caught. Heterogeneous in their form and their destination, these writings illustrate the curiosity, the interest and, often, the disturbance which these young travelers feel in front of new universes for them, while the wars of Italy are already tearing Europe apart.This experience of the other thus turns out to be a crucial moment in the structuring of the political thought of these three major authors, at an age when their intellectual formation process is still in development. The Prince of Machiavelli, like the History of Italy by Francesco Guicciardini, founding works of modern historiography, find in these missions more than mere beginnings: each of their pages bears the reminiscence of an unprecedented desire to apprehend differently the world, to understand it better. ; Les noms de Machiavel, Vettori et Guicciardini sont unis par la riche correspondance qu'ils ont entretenue, témoignage de leur indéfectible amitié. Ce lien est né des missions qu'ils ont menées, individuellement ou à deux, pour le compte de la République florentine entre 1500 et 1513. Les textes réunis, traduits et commentés dans ce volume sont les témoignages de ces légations en France, en Allemagne et en Espagne, rédigés tantôt dans le but d'informer et de conseiller les autorités florentines, tantôt pour le simple plaisir de conserver le souvenir de ce qu'avait capté leur regard. Hétérogènes par leur forme et par leur destination, ces ...

International audience ; A Florence, les relations politico-sociales sont traditionnellement dominées par un affrontement bipolaire entre le peuple et l'élite oligarchique. Cet équilibre politique est toutefois bouleversé à la fin du XVe siècle par l'émergence de l'individualité, qui devient chez les popolani un critère qualifiant à la vie politique et un élément central du discours politique. ; A Firenze, la lotta bipolare tra l'élite oligarchica e il popolo è il perno tradizionale delle relazioni politico-sociali. Quest'equilibrio è tuttavia sconvolto quando, alla fine del XV° secolo, l'individualità diventa per i popolani un criterio qualificante alla vita politica e un elemento centrale del discorso politico.