Suchergebnisse

C'est seulement à la Libération que la France reconnaît officiellement la silicose comme maladie professionnelle.Présentée comme une épopée,cette reconnaissance tardive résulte en réalité d'un compromis âprement négocié durant l'entre-deux-guerres et sous Vichy.Au grand dam de la CGT et des syndicats chrétiens, les experts patronaux – grands mandarins médicaux comme Jules Leclercq,Albert Policard,Édouard Rist et Serge Doubrow – nient devant la Commission d'Hygiène Industrielle,l'Académie de médecine ou les sociétés savantes l'existence-même de la maladie,ou la réduisent à un effet secondaire de la tuberculose:les enjeux financiers sont énormes,la nosologie et l'étiologie de la maladie complexes. Devant un État timide et divisé,même sous le Front Populaire, seules la pression du Bureau International du Travail et la «croisade» de quelques hygiénistes,médecins ou radiologues soutenus par Etienne Martin, Léon Bernard ou Maurice Duvoir, placent les houillères sur la défensive puis les contraignent à une reconnaissance minimale.Ses modalités finales, fort ambiguës,auront des conséquences durables,en fondant d'efficaces stratégies de minimisation de la réparation financière de la part des charbonnages,aux dépens des assurances sociales.

Résumé Pourquoi Louis Henry a-t-il créé une discipline scientifique, la démographie historique, qui domine l'histoire des populations des années 1950 aux années 1980, en remontrant même à l'école des Annales? Au-delà de l'historiographie et de l'histoire des théories démographiques, la réponse suppose une histoire de l'État, des politiques publiques, des institutions démographiques et des politiques de population. Après 1945, les organisations internationales, notamment la Division de la population à l'Onu, donnent à la démographie analytique à la Lotka une assise planétaire. Elles s'intéressent particulièrement à la fécondité. Le baby-boom des pays riches remet en cause l'idée de prévisions démographiques, la notion de transition démographique, et menace les systèmes d'allocations familiales. L'expansion de la population mondiale soulève la question du contrôle des naissances dans les pays en développement. Les démographes souhaitent déterminer la « fécondité naturelle », qui serait celle de populations ne pratiquant pas la contraception, mais butent sur les problèmes d'enregistrement statistique dans le Tiers-Monde. Pour Henry, les registres paroissiaux de l'Ancien Régime permettent de les surmonter. L'actualité du problème est telle qu'Alfred Sauvy à l'Ined accepte de financer ses études, et que les grands démographes de son époque comme Notestein, Glass ou Hajnal sont d'emblée convaincus que la démographie historique apporte une contribution majeure à la démographie théorique.

Résumé Rosental (Paul- André).- Treize ans de réflexion: de l'histoire des populations à la démographie historique (France, 1945-1958) La démographie historique n'a pas été conçue dans un vacuum. Avant son succès, que nous daterons de 1958, Louis Henry se situe au sein d'un domaine fertile, dans lequel une pluralité de modèles coexistent ou s'affrontent. Durant les premières années d'après- guerre, la majorité d'entre-eux, qu'ils émanent d'historiens, de démographes voire de géographes, prennent comme matériaux les différents types de dénombrements établis dans le passé. Ce n'est que dans les années cinquante que progresse puis triomphe l'idée de reconstruire des séries statistiques, en passant par le dépouillement des registres paroissiaux. Les débats serrés qui, pendant toute la période considérée (1945-1958), portent sur la question de la périodisation, permettent de bien saisir les modalités de cette évolution. Ils montrent que, face à des programmes souvent féconds et cohérents, la seule rigueur technique de Louis Henry n'aurait pas suffi à rallier les historiens : ce sont aussi sa capacité à intégrer dans son projet les problématiques des différents protagonistes, ainsi que les divisions des historiens, qui lui ont permis d'imposer sa fameuse Méthode, et par là même de donner son envol à la démographie historique.

How International Organisations Compete: Occupational Safety and Health at the ILO, a Diplomacy of Expertise During the twentieth century the domain of industrial medicine and industrial diseases has been a scene of crucial struggles at the transnational level. Based on the cases of silicosis and pneumoconiosises the article examines the role of international institutions in this process (ILO, LoN, WHO, ECSC). As the relationships between Luigi Carozzi, Albert Thomas and Ludwik Rajchman show, their interactions mix cooperation and concurrence and consequently have an impact on the internal structure. Changes in the action models are the result and the taking into account of immission loads and a global work environment as well as the relations between industrial hygiene and industrial security, is partially to be considered as a result of this game in which diplomacy and expert knowledge, but also the pressure of employers, trade unions and erudite associations and societies come into operation. The concept of health at work leads us to consider the European Union as the inheritor of these dynamics which were conceived to articulate social protection and health protection with the free play of market forces.

Cet article étudie les solidarités familiales en France, entre 1800 et 1940, à travers le prisme des relations au sein des fratries et de la répartition spatiale de leurs membres, en utilisant les données démographiques, économiques et historiques de la base TRA-patrimoine. L'espace familial est caractérisé à partir d'un indicateur distinguant sédentarité, migrations de courte distance et migrations de longue distance. Dans ce cadre est testée l'hypothèse – souvent évoquée mais rarement mise à l'épreuve empiriquement – selon laquelle les familles nombreuses manifestent des comportements sociodémographiques différents des autres. La taille constitue un facteur de différenciation des fonctionnements familiaux, mais selon des modalités différentes de celles que l'on pourrait attendre. À la logique étroitement économique qui ferait du nombre un facteur d'éclatement (au moins spatial) des familles en raison de difficultés inhérentes au partage, s'ajoutent des mécanismes plus subtils qui déterminent la faculté des membres de la famille à bouger ou non ensemble.

International audience ; Silicosis not a disease of the past. It is an irreversible, fibrotic lung disease specifically caused by exposure to respirable crystalline silica (RCS) dust. Over 20,000 incident cases of silicosis were identified in 2017 and millions of workers continue to be exposed to RCS. Identified case numbers are however a substantial underestimation due to deficiencies in reporting systems and occupational respiratory health surveillance programmes in many countries. Insecure workers, immigrants and workers in small businesses are at particular risk of more intense RCS exposure. Much of the focus of research and prevention activities has been on the mining sector. Hazardous RCS exposure however occurs in a wide range of occupational setting which receive less attention, in particular the construction industry. Recent outbreaks of silicosis associated with the fabrication of domestic kitchen benchtops from high-silica content artificial stone have been particularly notable because of the young age of affected workers, short duration of RCS exposure and often rapid disease progression. Developments in nanotechnology and hydraulic fracking provide further examples of how rapid changes in technology and industrial processes require governments to maintain constant vigilance to identify and control potential sources of RCS exposure. Despite countries around the world dealing with similar issues related to RCS exposure, there is an absence of sustained global public health response including lack of consensus of an occupational exposure limit that would provide protection to workers. Although there are complex challenges, global elimination of silicosis must remain the goal.

International audience ; Silicosis not a disease of the past. It is an irreversible, fibrotic lung disease specifically caused by exposure to respirable crystalline silica (RCS) dust. Over 20,000 incident cases of silicosis were identified in 2017 and millions of workers continue to be exposed to RCS. Identified case numbers are however a substantial underestimation due to deficiencies in reporting systems and occupational respiratory health surveillance programmes in many countries. Insecure workers, immigrants and workers in small businesses are at particular risk of more intense RCS exposure. Much of the focus of research and prevention activities has been on the mining sector. Hazardous RCS exposure however occurs in a wide range of occupational setting which receive less attention, in particular the construction industry. Recent outbreaks of silicosis associated with the fabrication of domestic kitchen benchtops from high-silica content artificial stone have been particularly notable because of the young age of affected workers, short duration of RCS exposure and often rapid disease progression. Developments in nanotechnology and hydraulic fracking provide further examples of how rapid changes in technology and industrial processes require governments to maintain constant vigilance to identify and control potential sources of RCS exposure. Despite countries around the world dealing with similar issues related to RCS exposure, there is an absence of sustained global public health response including lack of consensus of an occupational exposure limit that would provide protection to workers. Although there are complex challenges, global elimination of silicosis must remain the goal.

International audience ; Silicosis not a disease of the past. It is an irreversible, fibrotic lung disease specifically caused by exposure to respirable crystalline silica (RCS) dust. Over 20,000 incident cases of silicosis were identified in 2017 and millions of workers continue to be exposed to RCS. Identified case numbers are however a substantial underestimation due to deficiencies in reporting systems and occupational respiratory health surveillance programmes in many countries. Insecure workers, immigrants and workers in small businesses are at particular risk of more intense RCS exposure. Much of the focus of research and prevention activities has been on the mining sector. Hazardous RCS exposure however occurs in a wide range of occupational setting which receive less attention, in particular the construction industry. Recent outbreaks of silicosis associated with the fabrication of domestic kitchen benchtops from high-silica content artificial stone have been particularly notable because of the young age of affected workers, short duration of RCS exposure and often rapid disease progression. Developments in nanotechnology and hydraulic fracking provide further examples of how rapid changes in technology and industrial processes require governments to maintain constant vigilance to identify and control potential sources of RCS exposure. Despite countries around the world dealing with similar issues related to RCS exposure, there is an absence of sustained global public health response including lack of consensus of an occupational exposure limit that would provide protection to workers. Although there are complex challenges, global elimination of silicosis must remain the goal.

International audience ; Silicosis not a disease of the past. It is an irreversible, fibrotic lung disease specifically caused by exposure to respirable crystalline silica (RCS) dust. Over 20,000 incident cases of silicosis were identified in 2017 and millions of workers continue to be exposed to RCS. Identified case numbers are however a substantial underestimation due to deficiencies in reporting systems and occupational respiratory health surveillance programmes in many countries. Insecure workers, immigrants and workers in small businesses are at particular risk of more intense RCS exposure. Much of the focus of research and prevention activities has been on the mining sector. Hazardous RCS exposure however occurs in a wide range of occupational setting which receive less attention, in particular the construction industry. Recent outbreaks of silicosis associated with the fabrication of domestic kitchen benchtops from high-silica content artificial stone have been particularly notable because of the young age of affected workers, short duration of RCS exposure and often rapid disease progression. Developments in nanotechnology and hydraulic fracking provide further examples of how rapid changes in technology and industrial processes require governments to maintain constant vigilance to identify and control potential sources of RCS exposure. Despite countries around the world dealing with similar issues related to RCS exposure, there is an absence of sustained global public health response including lack of consensus of an occupational exposure limit that would provide protection to workers. Although there are complex challenges, global elimination of silicosis must remain the goal.

The issues around settlement, belonging, and poor relief have for too long been understood largely from the perspective of England and Wales. This volume offers a pan-European survey that encompasses Switzerland, Prussia, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Britain. It explores how the conception of belonging changed over time and space from the 1500s onwards, how communities dealt with the welfare expectations of an increasingly mobile population that migrated both within and between states, the welfare rights that were attached to those who "belonged," and how ordinary people secured access to welfare resources. What emerged was a sophisticated European settlement system, which on the one hand structured itself to limit the claims of the poor, and yet on the other was peculiarly sensitive to their demands and negotiations