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This article analyzes opinions about abortion, racial, and social welfare policies, comparing their determinants among citizens with different levels of political information over the past several decades. Hypothesizing that growing elite partisan polarization may have exacerbated the political implications of differences in political awareness, the authors examine how increasing clarity of party—policy linkages among political elites influences party—policy linkages in the mass public. The results show that only the well informed responded to the growing elite polarization by becoming more partisan in their opinions. Apparently, in the absence of the motivation to develop coherent opinions, even a simplification of the political environment does not close the gaps between those who are more and less aware about politics.

This study examines the political views that American children hold of the presidency. Using the template of Fred Greenstein's survey and work in Children and Politics(1969), the authors seek to compare changes in the opinions of children about the president. They find that children in today's political world still view the presidency as the dominant political office and see it as a powerful, and overall positive, institution. However, in contrast to past studies, the authors find that young children do differentiate between the presidency as an institution and the specific officeholder. The study also finds that today's children are more willing to cast negative opinions regarding the president than children of the past.

This article examines public discourses on Irish immigration to GB through an analysis of two separate but related documentary sources from the year 1937 -- the Liverpool press & the official report, "Migration to Great Britain from the Irish Free State: Report of the Inter-departmental Committee." Through these sources, an examination is undertaken of some of the overlaps & tensions between central government & a specific local context. I also discuss the gendering processes that despite the acknowledged preponderance of women among the immigrants, continued to focus almost exclusively on male "navies." The only women explicitly discussed by the interdepartmental committee were a group of factory "girls" in Aylesbury. The majority of Irish women who worked in the private sphere of domestic service were ignored or perhaps deliberately excluded. Adapted from the source document.

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to develop an understanding of how the "seven steps of selling" are used within the modern international business environment and the degree to which international sales executives are able to identify and adapt to differences in global markets.


Design/methodology/approach
A phenomenological type of approach was used. In-depth interviews were conducted with international sales executives (based either in the USA or UK) that operated across multiple different regions of the world.


Findings
This study provides a holistic assessment of the international business-to-business sales process. This study outlines four key aspects of the sales process that differ from traditional domestic industrial selling. Then, the study suggests examining the international sales process as a stage-based approach, versus exclusively focusing on the sales process as a seven-step process. Third, the study focuses on differences between regions of the world.


Research limitations/implications
From an academic standpoint, this study highlights a number of avenues to pursue. In addition, this study underscores the limited volume of research focused on international sales force management, especially the differences within the sales process. Limitations focus on issues pertaining to the sales executives examined within the study.


Practical implications
Firms looking to enter or expand their international market presence will be able to use the results of this study focusing on the international sales process. Firms can apply the results of this study to build both initial and continuous training programs.


Originality/value
This study identifies aspects that occur during each stage of the international sales process to provide a detailed account of the activities that international salespeople are engaged in. Further, this study suggests that the stages of the sales process differ between transactional exchanges and strategic relationships. However, this study offers more insight on the development of strategic long-term relationships, as the majority of the sales executives focused on the strategic relationship development during the interviews. As a last step within this study, seven country-specific issues are described.

ABSTRACTAn emerging consensus suggests that women are underrepresented in government because of biases in the recruitment process instead of biases at the ballot box. These results, however, are largely for legislative offices, and research suggests that "male" characteristics are generally associated with executive positions like the presidency. At the same time, some research demonstrates social desirability masks gender biases against women who seek the highest office in the land. We use the historic candidacy of Hillary Clinton to examine if she faces hidden biases in either the primaries or the general election. Two different methods for uncovering hidden biases embedded in national surveys demonstrate small hidden biases that are likely electorally inconsequential.