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The article analyses contexts in which the category of hope appears in the texts of Mikhail Gorbachev's speeches and writings. His main programmatic texts and political manifestoes, in which the creator of the perestroika policy explained and justified its main assumptions, have been taken into account. Although "hope" does not belong among words with which Gorbachev's reader is confronted on every page his writings, considered against the background of the Soviet authorities' discourse, the last leader of the USSR uses this term in an extraordinary, courageous manner, testifying to a qualitative change in the manner of the formulation of political messages in the Soviet Union. ; W artykule analizowane są konteksty, w których kategoria nadziei pojawia się w tekstach przemówień i pism Michaiła Gorbaczowa. Uwzględniono główne teksty programowe i manifesty polityczne ostatniego sekretarza generalnego KPZR – teksty, w których twórca polityki pierestrojki wyjaśnia i uzasadnia jej główne założenia. "Nadzieja" nie należy przy tym do słów, z którymi czytelnik Gorbaczowa styka się na każdej stronie jego pism. Na tle dyskursu władz radzieckich ostatni przywódca ZSRR wykorzystuje jednak ten termin w sposób niezwykły, odważny, świadczący o jakościowej zmianie sposobu formułowania przekazów politycznych.

Celem artykułu jest próba reinterpretacji pojęcia tożsamości pogranicza jako kategorii socjologii pogranicza. Przedstawiona koncepcja, w nawiązaniu do istoty tożsamości oraz pogranicza, uwzględnia łącznie zarówno tożsamość większości, jak i mniejszości kulturowych zamieszkujących na pograniczach. Została tak przedstawiona, aby mogła mieć zastosowanie do realizacji badań empirycznych. W zakończeniu Autor wyróżnił trzy typy tożsamości zbiorowych, określanych jako tożsamości pogranicza: tożsamość wiążącą, tożsamość pograniczną oraz tożsamość intergraniczną.

Brak abstraktu.

This article presents the Opole Diocesan Court in the years 1951–2018 and Opole canonists in the years 1945–2018. It discusses the functions, structure, history and profiles of judicial vicars of the court, and gives summary information focusing on Opole canonists. Members of the Opole Diocesan Court are compared with Opole canonists because the both groups have often created or co-created the both of these realities. The article does not present any statistical information or names of trials taking place before the Opole Diocesan Court during the analyzed period, or possible trial costs. Furthermore, it does not analyze court judgements or individual reasons for declaring the nullity of a marriage solemnized at the Roman Catholic church. While determining the composition of the court is relatively easy, the concept of canon law study of Opole is a more complicated matter. A person related to the Opole Diocese area by birth, upbringing, residence or job is recognized by the author as an Opole canonist. However, the above-listed factors are not always cumulative. In many cases, someone who is considered to be an Opole canonist may also be identified as belonging to other scientific circles. In the past few decades, the Opole canonist community has been composed of graduates of numerous Polish and foreign academic centers, and, afterwards, such people dealt with various research areas. Their publications, professional, social and organizational activities, and their membership of different associations are the evidence of proper creativity. Even if the author does not discuss detailed scientific achievements of Opole canonists, the above summary presentation shows that these achievements are rather extensive.

Published online on 29 May 2019 ; For over a decade, the Common European Asylum System has been continuously tested in practice. However, it has been under particular pressure in recent years due to the unprecedented scale of the latest migration crisis. The Treaty of Lisbon extended the competencies of the Court of Justice of the European Union in asylum issues. Acritical evaluation of the decisions of the Court in this article confirms the existence of a constant tension between ensuring the efficiency of EU law and respecting the rights enshrined in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. These research findings are used to determine whether the Court of Justice has strengthened the protection of these rights (especially in the Dublin procedures and in the cases of detention of asylum seekers) and whether it has contributed to the ongoing European judicial dialogue on the rights of asylum seekers.

Assaults on the independence of national courts in some Member States pose a threat to the rule of law and may impair the enforcement and uniform application of EU law. In order to counteract this threat, the EU should consider supporting alternative mechanisms of enforcement of the rule of law, including those available to individuals. It is submitted here that investment treaty arbitration, despite its flaws, could play an important role in this respect, due to its inherent features making it significantly more resilient to attacks from illiberal or autocratic governments than national courts. This article is also critical of the ECJ's recent Achmea judgment. It argues that the concept of redundancy, as used in engineering to describe duplication of critical components or functions of a system with the intention of increasing reliability of the system in the event of failure, offers a better response to current threats to the rule of law than strengthening of the judicial monopoly of the ECJ and national courts under Article 19 TEU.

This article presents a typology of the transformation of ideas about nations and national identity in East Central Europe, with particular consideration of Poland. The author claims that in consequence of accelerating processes affecting the choice of national identity the structure of ethnic peoples is undergoing qualitative changes. Ethnicity is increasingly less likely to determine national identity. However, in spite of manifestations of supranational integration and globalization, individual nations are not declining; on the contrary, national ties primarily turn out to be more important than supra-national interests, which are diluted and not based on strong community ties. At the same time, nations are acquiring pluralist traits.

An increasing inflow of immigrants exposes European countries to unprecedented challenges in ensuring the efficiency of human rights. Rising xenophobia provokes states to narrowly interpret the 1951 Geneva Convention on the Status of Refugees. Among others, a rigorous application of the concept of an individualised fear of persecution excludes the general consequences of war. References to the safe parts of countries of origin are used to justify decisions on the non-granting of international protection. This analysis of the European Court of Human Rights judgment of 14 February 2017 in S.K. v. Russia (Appl. no. 52722/15) refers to all of above-mentioned themes. Moreover, the research compares the Council of Europe standards and Russian legislation and practice with those of the EU.

An increasing inflow of immigrants exposes European countries to unprecedented challenges in ensuring the efficiency of human rights. Rising xenophobia provokes states to narrowly interpret the 1951 Geneva Convention on the Status of Refugees. Among others, a rigorous application of the concept of an individualised fear of persecution excludes the general consequences of war. References to the safe parts of countries of origin are used to justify decisions on the non-granting of international protection. This analysis of the European Court of Human Rights judgment of 14 February 2017 in S.K. v. Russia (Appl. no. 52722/15) refers to all of above-mentioned themes. Moreover, the research compares the Council of Europe standards and Russian legislation and practice with those of the EU.

An increasing inflow of immigrants exposes European countries to unprecedented challenges in ensuring the efficiency of human rights. Rising xenophobia provokes states to narrowly interpret the 1951 Geneva Convention on the Status of Refugees. Among others, a rigorous application of the concept of an individualised fear of persecution excludes the general consequences of war. References to the safe parts of countries of origin are used to justify decisions on the non-granting of international protection. This analysis of the European Court of Human Rights judgment of 14 February 2017 in S.K. v. Russia (Appl. no. 52722/15) refers to all of above-mentioned themes. Moreover, the research compares the Council of Europe standards and Russian legislation and practice with those of the EU.

IS THE NATURE OF ISLAM TOTALITARIAN?In the article the author presents selected threads in the debate about analogies between Islam understood as an overwhelming ideology and totalitarianism. In his view, despite many similarities Islam cannot be regarded as atotalitarian system, if totalitarianism denotes the form of political system that emerged in the 20th century. Islam is aunique ideological model and totalitarianism is not its best equivalent. It would be more appropriate to call Islam asystem of total theocracy, in which the power to pronounce judgements is often vested in lawyer theologians independent of the state apparatus.

The primary objective of this article is to shift a few hypotheses on the relationship between religion and nation. In the beginning of the article I present the interrelations between a religion and a nation being analyzed in the literature while trying to answer the question why nations need religion. Next, I present the role and importance of Orthodox Church in Poland, being the criterion of ethnicity affiliation for Belarusian national minority in Poland, particularly in the Podlaskie Voivodeship as the main area of residence for this community. In the nearest perspective, the Orthodox religion is likely to play a significant part in the process of forming Polish multi-ethnic and multinational creative society.

Sprawozdanie z konferencji naukowej