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This paper provides an empirical classification of migration-related diversities in 166 European cities. The local turn in migration studies has shown that migration-related diversity may take varied forms in different cities. Our understanding of how and why cities differ is lagging behind the wealth of existing conceptualisations. This is partly because most studies look only at one kind of city, in particular, superdiverse global cities. This paper takes a systematic inductive approach to map the diversity of migration-related diversities in urban setting and understand the reasons behind such variations. Applying quantitative classification methods to European cities in France, Germany, the Netherlands and Italy, we search for a new meaningful classification of the urban diversity configurations based on measures of volume, variety and spread of migration-related diversity. Five empirical clusters of cities of migration are found: superdiverse cities, migrant minority cities, new diversity cities, low-migration cities and non-diverse cities. Subsequently, we develop a better qualitative understanding of these clusters by examining typical cities, their economic positioning, migration history, their policy and political structures, as well as their social and geographical position. A thorough classification, we argue, is necessary to have a more differentiated view of the existing urban diversities and go beyond one-size-fits-all solutions for urban governance of migration-related diversity.

This paper aims to unravel how superdiverse cities re-imagine themselves in response to migration-related diversity. Based on a double case study on the branding strategies of two superdiverse Dutch cities, Amsterdam and Rotterdam, this paper shows that although diversity is part of the brand identity in both cities, it is not used prominently in brand communications or in urban planning. Place brands are constructed in wider discursive and political settings that affect whether and how migration-related diversity is used in the symbolic representation of places as well as in urban planning. Migration-related diversity is re-defined strategically (as 'cosmopolitan' and 'international') for two reasons: (1) to turn it into an asset that enhances the brand, and (2) to align the brand with existing policies and political discourses on migration and accommodate political pressures. City marketers have depoliticized place branding. Marketing logic pushed migration related-diversity to the background, because according to the city marketers diversity does not help a city to stand out.

Dans la littérature académique, la question de l'inscription d'une question au cœur des politiques ( mainstreaming ) est définie comme une réorientation des priorités politiques (passage d'un angle spécifique à un angle générique), ainsi que dans la gouvernance (la gouvernance centrique devient polycentrique). Si cette tendance à inscrire certaines questions au cœur des politiques s'applique à différents domaines, comme le genre, le handicap et l'environnement, elle s'applique aussi depuis peu à un autre domaine, à savoir l'intégration des migrants, une thématique peu étudiée jusqu'à présent dans les cercles académiques. Dans le présent article, nous proposons une analyse critique de la question de la « tendance » supposée à appliquer le « mainstreaming » (soit l'inscription de différentes questions au cœur des politiques) aux politiques d'intégration des migrants. Nous proposons une analyse conceptuelle de ce que suppose le mainstreaming dans le domaine de l'intégration des migrants, afin de relier la notion de maintreaming telle qu'elle est utilisée dans d'autres domaines à la littérature sur l'intégration des migrants, et notamment au concept émergent d'interculturalisme. Suivra une analyse empirique des évolutions dans la gouvernance de l'intégration et dans les politiques en la matière au Danemark, en France, en Allemagne et au Royaume-Uni, afin de déterminer si l'on peut effectivement parler de « mainstreaming » tel qu'on l'entend. Pour conclure, nous verrons que la notion de mainstreaming dans le domaine de l'intégration des migrants n'explique qu'en partie les évolutions stratégiques. On observe effectivement une évolution marquée vers une gouvernance plus polycentrique et vers des politiques génériques. Ces politiques prévoient cependant rarement des mesures destinées à sensibiliser le grand public à la quesation de la diversité liée à la migration, et elles sont souvent occultées par les discours nationaux plus larges sur l'intégration des migrants, ainsi que par les structures de gouvernance préexistantes. L'existence d'une volonté évidente de mettre en place des stratégies de remplacement au niveau local indique que les approches en matière de mainstreaming sont peut-être une manière de contourner ces discours et ces structures de gouvernance nationaux. Remarques à l'intention des praticiens On peut éviter les effets dégénératifs potentiels des constructions fondées sur l'un ou l'autre groupe cible en recourant à des stratégies indirectes qui sont définies sur la base d'une région ou des besoins plutôt que sur la base de groupes. Le mainstreaming nécessite aussi des structures de gouvernance polycentriques, qui permettent la présence de mécanismes de coordination horizontale (interdépartementale, multi-acteurs) et verticale (à niveaux multiples) afin d'éviter le découplage des politiques. Le mainstreaming ne suppose pas que l'on ferme totalement les yeux sur les groupes ; le mainstreaming n'est jamais aussi efficace que quand il s'accompagne d'une bonne connaissance de ces groupes et de leur prise en considération, tout en évitant de formaliser les constructions fondées sur des groupes cibles. Le mainstreaming n'est pas qu'une option, c'est aussi une nécessité pour les politiques dans les villes extrêmement diversifiées, où les distinctions entre les groupes ne sont plus possibles.

In the academic literature, mainstreaming is conceptualized as a shift in policy focus (from specific to generic), as well as in governance (from state-centric to poly-centric). Whereas mainstreaming has been applied in various areas, such as gender, disability and environment, a more recent application concerns migrant integration, which has so far been under-studied in academic circles. This article provides a critical analysis of mainstreaming as a supposed 'trend' in migrant integration policies. It provides a conceptual discussion of what mainstreaming might mean in the field of migrant integration in an effort to connect the concept of mainstreaming as used in other fields to the literature on migrant integration, and notably the emerging concept of interculturalism. Following this, it provides an empirical analysis of shifts in integration governance and policy in Denmark, France, Germany and the UK in an effort to explain whether mainstreaming, as conceptualized, is taking place. The article concludes that mainstreaming as a concept in the field of migrant integration can only partially explain policy developments. There is, indeed, a clear trend towards more poly-centric governance and towards generic policies. However, such policies rarely involve efforts to create a generic awareness of migration-related diversity, and are often overshadowed by broader national narratives on migrant integration, and pre-existing governance structures. However, the existence of an explicit pursuit of replacement strategies at the local level suggests that mainstreaming approaches may be a way of circumventing these national narratives and governance structures.Points for practitionersPotential degenerative effects of target group constructions can be averted by proxy strategies that are defined area- or needs-based rather than group-based. Mainstreaming also demands poly-centric governance structures that allow for horizontal (interdepartmental, multi-actor) and vertical (multi-level) coordination mechanisms to avert policy decoupling. Mainstreaming does not mean total group-blindness; mainstreaming works best when combined with knowledge of and sensitivity to these groups, while preventing formalizing target group constructions. Mainstreaming is not just an option, but also a necessity, for policies in super-diverse cities, where group distinctions can no longer be made.

Europe has become a continent of immigration in the course of the last half century, and European societies have experienced growing ethnic and cultural diversity. Governmental actors have often made great efforts to collect and develop the knowledge and expertise to understand integration processes and to control and steer these. Major differences, however, exist between European countries in the way relations between policy and research on immigrant integration have evolved. In this first chapter three aspects of such research-policy dialogues are introduced. First, we look at concrete dialogue structures, formal or informal arrangements, such as advisory bodies, through which knowledge is exchanged. Secondly, we look at cultures and practices of knowledge utilization in policy processes. Thirdly, we look at cultures of knowledge production in the field of migration research itself. In this introductory chapter some main hypotheses are developed for each of these three aspects. These hypotheses will serve as guidance for the entire book. In Part I of the book forms and functions of research-policy dialogues will be further explored, mostly on a comparative basis. Part II analyses seven country cases plus the case of the European Union.

This article provides an analysis of the allocation of attention to policy problems on the local level, focusing on the executive agenda of six municipalities in the Netherlands over a 25-year period. It reveals that there is specifically a local politics of attention, showing differences between national and local policy agendas in specific policy areas. We did not find evidence that the political composition of the local executive coalitions leads to agenda differences, revealing the more problem-oriented and pragmatic nature of local politics. We did find evidence of an effect of institutional arrangements between national and local government on shifting patterns of attention, such as due to decentralisation. This shows that the local politics of attention is limited in scope and conditioned by the functions of local government and the institutional arrangements of policy making in the Dutch decentralised unitary state and that rearrangements affect these patterns of attention. Adapted from the source document.

While debates on migration policy often revolve around rival values and interests, they also invoke knowledge claims about the causes, dynamics and impacts of migration. Such claims are best conceptualised as 'policy narratives', setting out beliefs about policy problems and appropriate interventions. Narratives are likely to be more successful where they meet three criteria: they are cognitively plausible, dramatically or morally compelling and, importantly, they chime with perceived interests. Increasingly, such narratives are also expected to draw on expert knowledge, although knowledge is often deployed to legitimise particular actors or preferences rather than to enhance the cognitive plausibility of the narrative. The series of articles in this issue explore how narratives are developed, codified, revised and diffused in policy debates and policy-making. We hope that they contribute not just to understanding migration policy, but also to wider debates on the role of ideas and knowledge in public policy.

Der Beitrag enthält eine systematische und detaillierte Analyse des Gesetzgebungsprozesses und der Gesetzesfunktionen in den Niederlanden. Er ist Teil eines umfassenden Handbuches, das die nationalen Gesetzgebungssysteme von insgesamt 15 westeuropäischen Staaten darstellt. Alle Länderbeiträge sind ähnlich aufgebaut und informieren über formelle wie auch informelle Strukturen und Prozesse. Neben der politikwissenschaftlichen Perspektive kommen auch staatsrechtliche Aspekte zur Geltung. Auch liegen der Analyse zahlreiche empirische Daten zugrunde. Der Beitrag behandelt folgende Themen: Zunächst werden der verfassungsrechtliche und politische Rahmen der Gesetzgebung abgesteckt (1). Anschließend wird die Funktion der Gesetze in den Zusammenhang der Staatstätigkeit und der Rechtskultur gestellt (2). Den zentralen Teil bildet das Kapitel zum Gesetzgebungsprozess (3). Es beginnt mit Ausführungen zu Gesetzesinitiativen (3.1). Der weitere Verlauf von der Gesetzesinitiative bis zur Verabschiedung und Veröffentlichung wird in den folgenden Kapiteln beschrieben: Ausarbeitung von Gesetzentwürfen der Regierung (3.2), Gesetzesfolgenabschätzung und wissenschaftlicher Politikberatung (3.3), Einfluss der Interessenverbände auf die Gesetzgebung (3.4), Behandlung im Kabinett und Stellungnahme des Staatsrats (3.5), Entwicklung von Gesetzentwürfen der Abgeordneten und Fraktionen (3.6), parlamentarische Beratung eingebrachter Gesetzentwürfe und Beschlussfassung (3.7) und Rolle des Senats (3.8). Weitere Kapitel informieren über Verfassungsänderungen und Verträge (3.9), Referendum (3.10) sowie Haushaltsgesetzgebung und Haushaltskontrolle (3.11). Das letzte Kapitel vor dem Ausblick ist der Beratung von Vorlagen der Europäischen Union (4) gewidmet. Schließlich greift der Ausblick (5) nochmals die wichtigsten Entwicklungen und Besonderheiten der Gesetzgebung im politischen System der Niederlande auf. (ICB2)

This open access book offers a critical perspective on intra-European mobility and migration by using new empirical data and theoretical discussions. It develops a theoretical and empirical analysis of the consequences of intra-European movement for sending and receiving urban regions in The Netherlands, Sweden, Austria, Turkey, Poland and Czech Republic. The book conceptualizes Central and Eastern European (CEE) migration by distinguishing between different types of CEE migrants and consequences. This involves a mapping of migration corridors within Europe, a unique empirical analysis of consequences for urban regions, and an analysis of governance responses. Next to the European and country perspectives on this phenomenon, the book focuses on the local perspective of urban regions where most mobile citizens settle (either permanently or temporarily). This way the book puts the analysis of intra-European movement in the perspective of broader theoretical debates in migration studies and beyond