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First published in 1980, this reissue is a study of the sociology of language, which aims to bridge the gap between textbook and monograph by alternating chapters of explication and analysis. A chapter outlining a particular theory and suggesting general criticisms is followed by a chapter offering an original application of that theory. The aim of the authors is to treat text and talk as the site of specific practices which sustain or subvert particular relations between appearance and reality

Sociologists concerned with describing the organization of interaction have, until recently, been faced with two diverging options. Either they can focus on local cultures or on the sequential order of conversation. Ethnography's emphasis on context underpins the first option; conversation analysis' concern with a context-free structure of turn-taking provides the rationale for the second. Analysis of transcripts of AIDS Counselling suggests a middle way. Building on Goffman's account of `footings', the concept of `communication formats' allow us to describe the local management of the turn-taking machinery. By considering sequential explanations of the stability of each format and contextual explanations of their functionality, we are able to describe and analyze counselling interviews in ways which are sensitive to the local organization of communication but avoid reducing it to `culture' or to the structure of adjacent turns-at-talk. The method allows the precise description of the special characteristics of counselling as a structure of communication in ways which are relevant to both sociologists and practitioners.

A perennial issue of sociological analysis is how to address the details of interaction without acknowledging the structurally broad or the subjectively meaningful contexts within which the details occur. The issue centers on the relation between "how" and "why" questions of social order. This article deals with the issue as it emerges in the methodological debate between conversation analysts and ethnomethodologically oriented ethnographers over how to analyze the contexts of social interaction. Accepting the importance of why questions, it is argued that one's initial move should be to pay close attention to the how's of social interaction–either the local production or the local enactment of contexts. Against those ethnomethodologists who insist on keeping why questions suspended, we accept the utility of raising why questions once how questions have been dealt with.

This volume is the collaborative effort of several Egyptological scholars from the United States, Canada, Egypt, and England; each contribution is a comprehensive investigation of a specific aspect of kingship in ancient Egypt and represents a particular area of expertise of that author. The first part of the book examines the nature of kingship and the role of the ruler. The second part of the book focuses on the role of kingship and its characterization in particular periods. The last section of the volume consists of two studies on the concretization of royalty in architectural contexts. Ancient Egyptian Kingship is the most comprehensive work in English on the subject since Henri Frankfort published Kingship and the Gods in 1948. Richly illustrated with photographs, plans, and diagrams, it is a new, extensively researched analysis of the topic

Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Introduction -- About This Book -- Foolish Assumptions -- Icons Used in This Book -- Beyond the Book -- Where to Go from Here -- Part 1: Getting Ready to File -- Chapter 1: Understanding the U.S. Tax System -- Figuring Out the U. S. Tax System -- You can reduce your taxes -- Beyond April 15: What you don't know can cost you -- Understanding Your Income Tax Rates -- Adding up your total taxes -- Following your marginal income tax rate -- Noting the Forever Changing Tax Laws -- The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 -- The SECURE ACT of 2019 -- Possible upcoming changes -- Chapter 2: Tax Return Preparation Options and Tools -- Going it Alone: Preparing Your Own Return -- Taking Advantage of IRS Publications -- Perusing Tax-Preparation and Advice Guides -- Using Software -- Accessing Internet Tax Resources -- Internal Revenue Service -- Research -- Tax preparation sites -- Hiring Help -- Deciding whether you really need a preparer -- Unenrolled preparers -- Enrolled agents (EAs) -- Certified public accountants (CPAs) -- Tax attorneys -- Finding Tax Preparers and Advisors -- Chapter 3: Getting and Staying Organized -- Maintaining the Burden of Proof -- Keeping Good Records -- Ensuring a complete and accurate tax return -- Setting up a record-keeping system -- Tracking tax information on your computer -- Deciding when to stash and when to trash -- Reconstructing Missing Tax Records -- Property received by inheritance or gift -- Securities received by inheritance or gift -- Improvements to a residence -- Casualty losses -- Business records -- Using duplicate account statements -- Understanding the Cohan Rule -- Chapter 4: What Kind of Taxpayer Are You -- What Rendition of 1040 Shall We Play -- Form 1040 -- Form 1040-SR -- Form 1040-NR -- Choosing a Filing Status -- Single.

Cover -- Anglicizing America -- Title -- Copyright -- CONTENTS -- Introduction -- PART I. ANGLICIZATION -- Chapter 1. England and Colonial America: A Novel Theory of the American Revolution -- Chapter 2. A Synthesis Useful and Compelling: Anglicization and the Achievement of John M. Murrin -- PART II. EMPIRE -- Chapter 3. "In Great Slavery and Bondage": White Labor and the Development of Plantation Slavery in British America -- Chapter 4. Anglicizing the League: The Writing of Cadwallader Colden's History of the Five Indian Nations

Nurse Researcher `This comprehensive collection of almost 40 chapters - each written by a leading expert in the field - is the essential reference for anyone undertaking or studying qualitative research. It covers a diversity of methods and a variety of perspectives and is a very practical and informative guide for newcomers and experienced researchers alike' - John Scott, University of Essex `The best ways in which to understand the issues and processes informing qualitative research is to learn from the accounts of its leading practitioners. Here they come together in what is a distinc

It is now more than twenty years since I first came across biographical research in connection
with my doctoral thesis. It was a time when this approach was beginning to re-establish itself
after half a century, in German sociology in particular but also at the international level.
Sociological biographical research began in the 1920s, in association with the migration study
The Polish Peasant in Europe and America by William Isaac Thomas and Florian Znaniecki
(1918–20; 1958) at the University of Chicago. Even then, empirical work was already concentrating
on the single case study. Alongside documentary analysis on the migration process, this
voluminous work contains only one biography of a Polish migrant, commissioned by the
researchers. It was not so much the concrete biographical analysis that made this work so influential for subsequent interpretative sociology and biographical research, but rather the two authors' general methodological comments.