Suchergebnisse

The Philippines remains the world's largest exporter of nurses, with over 22,000 employed in the NHS (Baker, 2020). In this article, we analyse the migratory rationales and choices of Filipino nurses either about to embark or already working in the UK's National Health Service (NHS), through an ontological security framework. Qualitative interviews and focus groups were undertaken with 24 nurses in the Philippines and UK one element of which set out to understand why, in the context of high global demand for overseas nurses the nurses had chosen the UK as their destination. Findings highlight how collective imageries of 'home' and of different overseas destinations are rooted in shared understandings of underlying social structures, and their perceived capacity to generate ontological security for their citizens. Social and institutional pressures in the Philippines engendered a generalised insecurity that was corrosive to the nurses' identity and sense of agency and undermined the ability to meet cultural norms of family support. The nurses favoured the UK due to the comparative ease of moving there; a prevailing perception of social stability and of its political and institutional structures as being based on transparency and meritocracy, facilitating professional development and social mobility. The findings extend 'culture of migration' perspectives by illuminating why nurses migrate to where they do by emphasising place as a source of ontological security, with migratory preferences influenced by the perceived capacity of different national systems to minimise social risks. This also implies that as global social risks and volatilities intensify, plugging nursing gaps in the economically developed world with nurses from the developing world will become increasingly unpredictable as the ability of governments in destination countries to guarantee ontological security becomes more uncertain.

Migrant nurses form an increasing proportion of the nursing workforce, with the United Kingdom [UK] being the third most popular destination for overseas nurses in the world. The migrant nurse workforce is highly susceptible to policy changes at the macro or professional level of the donor and recipient countries. Freedom of information requests were issued to 19 National Health Service [NHS] Trusts in England to determine their involvement in overseas nurse recruitment activity from 1998 onwards. These indicate a notable shift away from active European Union [EU] recruitment and towards overseas countries particularly the Philippines and India. Reasons given were: Diminishing returns from EU sources, high attrition among EU nurses, and the introduction of English language tests for EU nurses in July 2016. This led to Trusts revisiting their recruitment strategies by increasing more direct/less resource intensive methods, and expanding their focus outside of the EU. Trusts frequently utilised private recruitment companies for their recruitment drives, including consulting and influencing the Trusts' workforce strategies. Policy adjustments have numerous influences on the composition of the overseas nursing workforce. Whilst the NHS continues its efforts in expanding its international nursing workforce this should not be at the expense of ethical and sustainable recruitment practices, which may be compromised indirectly as a result.

This paper presents a historical review of policy enactments and urban development which have impacted accommodation options available to British Romany Gypsies and Travellers over the past four hundred years. A combination of policy review; analysis of primary historical documents (local authority reports on 'Gypsy encampments' in their areas; Governmental debates; newspaper reports) and secondary data sources (published memoirs and general histories of working class London) are utilised to present both a general historical overview (mainly focusing on the period 1850-2017) of legislative and policy approaches to regulating 'Gypsy and Traveller encampments' within Greater London and a series of focused case studies of 'Gypsy areas' within the Metropolis. Importantly, the case studies explore the entwined geo-social relationships and long-term impact on local community demographics and culture, of established Romany Gypsy/Traveller residence in a number of working-class areas of London. The paper ends with a brief consideration of the impact on regeneration and gentrification on traditional working class areas of residence, suggesting that such dislocation may lead to the ending of diverse populations in inner city localities, whilst conversely, widespread relocation of former residents to estates on the edge of the city, may increase contact and rejuvenate community relations between Romany Gypsies, Traveller and other populations, in a way which been increasingly disrupted by the 'othering' of nomadic groups in popular discourse in the post World War Two period.

AbstractWe survey 309 sample firms exhibiting behavior consistent with a residual dividend policy and their matched counterparts to learn how they set their dividend policies. The findings reveal that the sample firms are more likely than their counterparts to maintain a long‐term dividend payout ratio, use long‐run earnings forecasts in setting the dividend, and be unconcerned about the cost of raising external funds. Yet, firms behaving as though they follow a residual dividend policy generally do not profess to follow the policy. At best, the sample firms follow a "modified" residual policy in which they carefully manage their payout ratio and dividend trend. Although it may not be an explicit goal of such a dividend policy, consistently low free cash flow typically results.

The Roma, as Europe's largest minority group and who experience disproportionate levels of poverty, unemployment, poor accommodation and social exclusion have received significant political and policy-related attention in recent years. In 2011 the European Parliament announced the EU Framework for National Roma Integration Strategies (NRIS) which marked the first EU wide effort to address Roma poverty and marginalisation via national strategies devised at the national level. Each member state has produced national strategies for Roma inclusion in the core areas of education, housing, health, employment and discrimination with a focus on integrated inclusion, e.g., recognising that inclusion in one sphere requires inclusion in the others. In 2017 the European Commission published its mid-term review of the EU Framework which examines the progress made in each member state. The series of articles in this special edition addresses the progress made in meeting the NRIS's objectives in seven member states each providing an in depth and critically informed analysis of policy development, progress and limitations in each country. The introduction provides a historical and policy context of the NRIS and considers its implications for the social integration and citizenship rights of Roma people.