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In "Does Chain-Ganging Cause the Outbreak of War," Dominic Tierney critiques our work on alliance politics in Europe in the first half of the twentieth century. Tierney incorrectly ascribes to us a theory about the outbreak of conflict based on a "chain-ganging theory" in which war occurs because states become so tightly tied to their allies that they lose volition and find themselves in conflicts not of their own choosing. In fact, we do not try to explain the origins of war, but instead explain why wars in Europe escalated to a continent-wide scale. Here we briefly restate our argument and demonstrate how Tierney misconstrues it. We also show how some of the factors that we discuss in our original work are useful for assessing Tierney's claim that the causes of conflict and alliance dynamics hinge on whether states are hawks or doves. Adapted from the source document.

Das Verhältnis von Demokratisierung und Krieg wird immer wieder lebhaft diskutiert. Vor allem wenn autokratische Regime direkt von noch sehr instabilen demokratischen Institutionen abgelöst werden, ist die Bürgerkriegsgefahr besonders groß. Diese Tendenz vergrößert sich noch in den Staaten, in denen die politische Institutionen eher schwach sind und Politiker keinen großen Einfluß auf das nationale Geschehen nehmen können. Vor allem Eliten beeinflussen die Bildung von nationalistischen Tendenzen. Jeder Wechsel von Regimen kann jedoch einen Bürgerkrieg hervorrufen. Der Aufsatz zeigt, wie dies geschehen kann und von welchen Faktoren diese Konflikte gekennzeichnet sind (SWP-Fnk)

It is hypothesized that vocational clients who receive precounseling preparation adopt a role in counseling that is more realistic and effective than the role adopted by clients who do not receive such preparation. Twenty‐four Ss who were given a precounseling lecture‐discussion were compared to twenty‐three control Ss. The hypothesis was verified. Other implications of the study are discussed.

For the first time in one collected volume, mainstream and critical human rights scholars together examine the empirical and normative debates around the future of human rights. They ask what makes human rights effective, what strategies will enhance the chances of compliance, what blocks progress, and whether the hope for human rights is entirely misplaced in a rapidly transforming world. Human Rights Futures sees the world as at a crucial juncture. The project for globalizing rights will either continue to be embedded or will fall backward into a maelstrom of nationalist backlash, religious resurgence and faltering Western power. Each chapter talks directly to the others in an interactive dialogue, providing a theoretical and methodological framework for a clear research agenda for the next decade. Scholars, graduate students and practitioners of political science, history, sociology, law and development will find much to both challenge and provoke them in this innovative book.

This volume presents studies by senior scholars and practitioners that are highly relevant to contemporary political challenges. The democratic vision that accompanied the collapse of communist regimes in the Soviet Union and East Central Europe has been replaced by a range of authoritarian, semi-authoritarian and democratic regimes, and growing division between Western and Russian influence. Russia's invasion of Ukraine has led to renewed tensions and international crisis. China, which presents major challenges to the US, Europe, and the global order, has emerged as a critical actor in the international conflict. The need to understand the internal dynamics and international behavior of communist and authoritarian regimes is more urgent at this time. The expertise provided by the volume's contributors is especially timely, offering new insights into the past and contemporary politics of these states, the agendas driving their behavior, regimes' domestic strengths and weaknesses, and the role of leaders' differing perceptions in exacerbating international conflict. Practitioners demonstrate how such knowledge can inform effective policy and ameliorative efforts.