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Van Leur, a Dutch official in Indonesia, developed a theory about the pre-colonial nature of seaborne Asian trade. According to him it was large in volume but with minuscule units (pedlars). In contrast, the European companies, because of the advantage secured by them through economies of scale, were able to carry on oceanic trade far more successfully and so prevailed over the Asian pedlars. This thesis, along with its later versions, is examined in the following article, with evidence to show that (a) Asian merchants' establishments could also be very large and (b) could successfully stand up to Europe Companies in fair competition. Moreover, van Leur was further wrong in imagining that pre-colonial Asian maritime commerce was confined to high-priced goods only.

In Indian economy health insurance is one of the growing segment, 1.4% of India's gross domestic product was spent in the health sector in 2017-18 and India's per capita public spending on health increased from ₹621 (2009-10) to ₹ 1,112 (2015-16), in comparison to the US and UK which spent $4802 and $3500 respectively. 58 Insurance Companies offer health Insurance plans in India along with this Government is also taking many initiatives like "Ayushman Bharat Mission" health insurance scheme to improve the health of Indian population. Despite this health insurance penetration is very low in India. This study is mainly focused on challenges faced by health insurance segment and growth opportunities for health insurance service providers. At the end it is concluded that delay in claim settlement, high claim ratio, low awareness etc. are the main challenges faced by health insurance companies. Companies also focus on new opportunities like tie-up with new channel partners (Amazon, Policy Bazaar); innovative Schemes, complete online services that will help to increase the number of customers. Companies should try to adopt new advertisement campaigns with new models to provide knowledge towards the key benefits of health insurance policies.

Pradip Nepal, in addition to being a popular novelist, is a renowned political figure of Nepal. His political ideology is well reflected on the plots of his novels, and his characters seem strongly influenced by the socialist doctrine. Nepal seems toposit female characters asmale equals tacitly or overtly, and at some point even shows female characters surpassing their male counterparts. This paper analyzes female characters who preform varied roles alongside their male counterparts and strive to show how females too can walk with men neck and neck. These female characters undergo perceptible transformation with the passage of time and changing contexts and defy the patriarchal conventions. That said, however, it would be no overstatement to state that Nepal?s portrayal of women characters is often governed by his own positionality as a male writer. Despite presenting women as strong managers and decision makers, often he places them as sidekicks who end up supporting the other male characters or rendered less significant to the other prominent male characters in the novel. However, it would be unfair to say Nepal presents women as frail characters since it is the female characters that have heavily contributed to the success of the male characters.

Commercial relations between India and Iran have existed since antiquity, but they particularly flourished from the latter part of the sixteenth century to the earlier part of the eighteenth century. Partly, this could be due to greater degree of security on the land routes established under the two contiguous empires, the Mughal and the Safavid. Partly also, it owed much to the changing pattern of Eurasian commerce: Iran obtained increasing amount of silver from Europe in return for its silk, and with this augmented supply of silver, Iran could buy more Indian goods, especially textiles. Much too was owed to the enterprise of merchants, the Armenians of New Julfa and the large members of Indian merchants (Multanis and Gujaratis) who, practically settled in Iran, engaged in both commerce and usury.1

E-governance defined as provision of government facilities and Information to the public using electronic means. These applications are the result of latest advancements of E-Governance. E-government refers to the delivery of government information and services via the Internet or other digital means to citizens or businesses or other governmental agencies. Other names of E-governance are Electronic Government, Digital Government, Electronic Governance, one-stop government, and online government. United Nations (www.unpan.org) definition (AOEMA report): "E-government is defined as utilizing the Internet and the world-wide-web for delivering government information and services to citizens." E –Government is important factor for developing and also for developed countries because Information Technologies can enhance the Revolution of work culture by serving a variety of ends, better delivery of government services to citizens, improved government interactions with Business and industry, citizen empowerment and more efficient government management

AbstractCerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pathway studies have revealed that the CSF secreted from the choroid plexus of the ventricles after egressing from the fourth ventricle reaches the basal suprasellar cistern and ultimately the sylvian cisterns. From the sylvian cistern, the CSF travels over the cerebral convexity subarachnoid space to reach the superior sagittal sinus and enters the bloodstream. Diverting CSF from the lateral ventricle with a shunt catheter to the sylvian cistern can be an option to treat obstructive hydrocephalus. An adult patient with posttraumatic hydrocephalus with contraindications to ventriculoperitoneal and ventriculoatrial shunt placement underwent this procedure of diverting CSF from the lateral ventricle to the sylvian cistern successfully, and he had immediate relief of symptoms of raised intracranial pressure. Although preliminary results seem logical and promising, more cases and longer follow-up is required to consider this shunt operation an option in the treatment of obstructive hydrocephalus.

Ethiopia is one of the few countries in Africa with whom India has enjoyed a long-standing partnership in development cooperation. In 2006, India provided a US$640 million Lines of Credit (LoC) to Ethiopia for the development of its sugar industry. The article analyzes the impact of India's LoC (2007–2012) on the Ethiopian sugar industry. It is found that on completion of the ongoing projects, Ethiopia should be able to produce 1.6 million tonnes of sugar per year. This will lead Ethiopia towards self-reliance in sugar production. It is estimated that economic gain from sugar and ethanol production in Ethiopia would be close to US$961 million per year. Field visits explored several practical challenges to India's endeavour like absence of appropriate mechanisms for monitoring and verification of the project. This leads to delays, information gaps and coordination failures in project implementation. Indian engagement in Ethiopia's sugar sector signifies a major boost for the agriculture value chain in Ethiopia; and the ancillary support for railways track building is likely to play an important role in facilitating port connectivity and exports.

Banking and credit systems were fairly well advanced in pre-colonial India. Large amounts of capital for commercial credit were also available—though at some cost in terms of high interest rates. This article illustrates these conditions by a study of the banking and other activities of the house of Jagat Seths of Bengal in the mid-eighteenth century.