Suchergebnisse

1. Introduction and overview -- 2. Welfare costs of US quotas in textiles, steel and auto / J. de Melo and D. G. Tarr -- 3. Reforming Hungarian agricultural trade policy: a quantitative evaluation / M. Morkre and D. G. Tarr -- 4. Second-best foreign exchange policy in the presence of domestic price controls and export subsidies / D. G. Tarr -- 5. Trade reform in the partially liberalized economy of Turkey / G. W. Harrison, T. F. Rutherford and D. G. Tarr -- 6. The impact of liberalizing barriers to foreign direct investment in services: The case of Russian accession to the World Trade Organization / J. Jensen, T. F. Rutherford and D. G. Tarr -- 7. Regional impacts of liberalization of barriers against foreign direct investment in services: The case of Russia's accession to the WTO / T. R. Rutherford and D. G. Tarr -- 8. Impact of local content restrictions and barriers against foreign direct investment in services: The case of Kazakhstan's accession to the WTO / J. Jensen and D. G. Tarr -- 9. Modeling services liberalization: The case of Tanzania / J. Jensen, T. F. Rutherford and D. G. Tarr -- 10. Trade policy and poverty reduction in Brazil / G. W. Harrison ... [et al.] -- 11. Trade liberalization, poverty and efficient equity / G. W. Harrison, T. F. Rutherford and D. G. Tarr -- 12. Poverty effects of Russia's WTO accession: Modeling "real" households with endogenous productivity effects / T. F. Rutherford and D. G. Tarr -- 13. Trade, exchange rate and energy pricing reform in Iran: Potentially large efficiency effects and gains to the poor / J. Jensen and D. G. Tarr -- 14. Trade policy options for Chile: the importance of market access / G. W. Harrison, T. F. Rutherford and D. G. Tarr -- 15. Increased competition and completion of the market in the European Union: static and steady state effects / G. W. Harrison, T. F. Rutherford and D. G. Tarr -- 16. Economic implications for Turkey of a customs union with the European Union / G. W. Harrison, T. F. Rutherford and D. G. Tarr -- 17. Morocco's Free Trade Agreement with the EU: A quantitative assessment / T. F. Rutherford, E. Elizabet Rutstrom and D. G. Tarr -- 18. Introduction and key tables: Services liberalization in preferential trade agreements: The case of Kenya / E. J. Balistreri and D. G. Tarr -- 19. Deep trade policy options for Armenia: The importance of trade facilitation, services and standards liberalization / J. Jensen and D. G. Tarr -- 20. The Eurasian customs union among Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan: Can it succeed where its predecessor failed? / D. G. Tarr.

Despite a trend toward more flexible rates, more than half the world's countries maintain fixed or managed exchange rates. In the 1980s and 1990s, developing countries as a group progressively liberalized their trade regimes, but some governments defend their exchange rate in actions that run counter to long-run plans for liberalization. Without discussing the relative merits of fixed and flexible exchange rate systems, the authors note that exchange rate management in many countries has resulted in overvaluation of the real exchange rate. Roughly twenty five percent of the countries for which data are available have overvalued exchange rates, with black market premiums from 10 percent to more than 100 percent. After surveying the literature, the authors present lessons from experience about what has worked (or not) in response to crises involving external shocks and external trade deficits - and why. Trying to defend an overvalued exchange rate with protectionist trade policies is a classic pattern, but experience shows such protection does significantly retard the country's growth, and delay its integration into the world trading community. In fact, and overvalued exchange rate is often the root cause of protection, preventing the country from returning to more liberal trade policies that allow growth and integration into the world community without exchange rate adjustment. Most developing countries have downward price and wage rigidities and, with an external trade deficit, require some form of nominal exchange rate adjustment to restore external equilibrium. The authors present cross-country econometric and case study evidence - citing examples from Argentina, Chile, Ghana, the Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Turkey, Uruguay, and Sub-Saharan Africa (including the CFA zone) - that overvalued exchange rates reduce economic growth. Defending the exchange rate, they show, has nor no medium-term benefits, since falling reserves will eventually force devaluation. Better to have devaluation occur without further debilitating losses in reserves and lost productivity because of import controls. After devaluation the exchange rate will reach a new equilibrium, strongly influenced by government and central bank policies.

Der Artikel untersucht die Entwicklung des Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), dem militärischen Führungsstab des US-Militärs,seit der Verabschiedung des Goldwater-Nichols-Gesetzes im Jahre 1986. Er stellt dar, wie die verstärkten Zuständigkeiten der JCS von einem Parochialsystem zu einem dieInteressen des Militärs repräsentierenden, gemeinsam mit den politischen Institutionen arbeitenden Organ geworden ist. Sohat sich eine Interessengemeinschaft gebildet, die wie nie zuvor zentralisiert, integriert und effektiv die Partizipation des Militärs im politischen Prozeß repräsentiert. Der Artikel gibt dabei einen Überblick über die historische Entwicklung des JCS und stellt die besondere Rolle des Organs in der gegenwärtigen Lage heraus (SWP-Fnk)

Describes how the Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986 acted to facilitate full integration of all branches of the armed forces at the top level; 1980s-90s; US.

Abstract.  Foreign producer services can provide substantial benefits for domestic firms. We build on earlier monopolistic‐competition models of intermediate producer services in this paper. Results show that: (1) while foreign services are partial‐equilibrium substitutes for domestic skilled labour, they may be general‐equilibrium complements, (2) service trade can provide crucial missing inputs that reverse comparative advantage in final goods, (3) the 'optimal' tax on imported services may be a subsidy, and (4) in our dynamic formulation, there may be earnings losses for immobile workers along a transition path that suggest potentially important equity consequences of reform. JEL classification: F12, F16, F23