Suchergebnisse

What is Islamic about reform among Muslims and what is not? How can we differentiate reform within an Islamic paradigm and a paradigmatic shift from the Islamic tradition to something else in a Muslim community? How do we establish the connection between reform as an intellectual or scholarly project and the translation of that project into social reality (or, in some cases, the absence of such a translation)? This article addresses these questions in the context of the Volga-Ural region in the late Russian Empire, where reformist Muslims attempted to reform existing Islamic educational institutions, particularly the religious seminaries called "madrasas," as a means to modernize the region's Muslim communities. Educational reform initiatives among Volga-Ural Muslims originated within the framework of Muslim networks and institutions. Yet, especially after Russia's Revolution of 1905, reform in a number of prominent madrasas came to be characterized by various non-religious and at times even anti-religious influences emerging from the globalization of Western European modernity. Consequently, in these madrasas, education and the overall student experience turned into a secularizing process, and Islam as a religious system lost its weight and appeal for many students, who then engaged in a reform movement that evolved beyond an Islamic paradigm.

The notion of workable or effective competition is at the centre of EU competition law and policy, as it strives to achieve and maintain it. Some scholars do not mention it at all. Those who refer to it either do not explain it in any way or explicate it very shortly. In fact, the concept is too important to be ignored totally or elucidated briefly. The objective of this article is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the concept by focusing on the theory of workable or effective competition. It is argued that effective competition is the key for an in-depth study of the political economy (i.e. real policy goals, economic rationale behind individual competition rules, institutional requirements, and implications for distribution of wealth) of EU competition law and policy. Full text available at:https://doi.org/10.22215/rera.v1i1.161

The notion of workable or effective competition is at the centre of EU competition law and policy, as it strives to achieve and maintain it. Some scholars do not mention it at all. Those who refer to it either do not explain it in any way or explicate it very shortly. In fact, the concept is too important to be ignored totally or elucidated briefly. The objective of this article is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the concept by focusing on the theory of workable or effective competition. It is argued that effective competition is the key for an in-depth study of the political economy (i.e. real policy goals, economic rationale behind individual competition rules, institutional requirements, and implications for distribution of wealth) of EU competition law and policy.

ÖZET Gecekondulaşmanın devam etmesi, ülkemizde halen konut açığı bulunduğunu göstermektedir.Nufus artışından ve göçten kaynaklanan knut gereksinimi ile konut üretimi arasında açık bir dengesizlik bulunmaktadır Gecekonduyu bir sorun olarak değil, yetersiz üretim karşısında, halk tarafından üretilmiş çözüm olarak ele almak gereklidir. Tezin amacı GYO'lar yoluyla sermaye piyasalarından konut sektörüne nasıl kaynak aktarılacağına dair fikir üretmektir. Eğer yatırımcıya yönelik olarak, GYO' lara yaptıkları yatırımda vergi muafiyeti sağlanırsa, GYO' lara yatırım desteklenmiş olur. GYO'ların kurumlar vergisi muafiyeti de topladıkları fonları konut ağırlıklı projelere aktarmaları şartına bağlanırsa, konut projelerine uygun ve ucuz fon sağlanabilir. İlk bakışta, vergi gelirlerinde bir düşüş olacağı düşünülse de, subvanse edilmeyen konut projelerinden ve gecekondulaşmaya ayrılan fonlardan edilecek tasarrufların toplamı bahsi geçen vergi gelirleirndeki kayıbı kapatmaya yetecek düzeyde bir harcama düşüşü sağlanabilir.ABSTRACT The existence of squatter problem in Turkey is the indicator of current and ongoing housing deficit. There is distinct imbalance between housing demand and supply due to pace of growth and immigration and insufficient supply. Simply, in the case of insufficient supply public draw with squatters. Against taking into account squatters as problem, it should be accepted it as solution which public drew . The core of subject seems inefficiency of financing techniques for housing production. The objective of the thesis is to put forward an idea about an alternative solution, which will enable transferring funds from capital markets to housing sector via Real Estate Investment Companies.If conditional tax shelters can be stated for investor, investors would be led to invest in REICs that will cause to accumulate more funds than common. If REIC transfer the accumulated funds to housing projects, it can benefit from corporate tax deduction. If not, REIC will become an ordinary corporation about taxation. As a consequence, investors will invest on REICs just in order to benefit from tax deduction regardless where their funds transferred to and REICs will make inexpensive or available the excess funds for housing projects. Though it seems to cause a loss in collected tax, it would be resulted an explosion in housing production that is strongly useful in to lessen deficit. In first, it seems to cause a loss in collected tax, sum of saving from unsubsidised housing production and less expense for squatter could be greater than uncollected tax.

"Imperial Russia's Muslims offers an exploration of social and cultural change among the Muslim communities of Central Eurasia from the late eighteenth century through to the outbreak of the First World War. Drawing from a wealth of Russian and Turkic sources, Mustafa Tuna surveys the roles of Islam, social networks, state interventions, infrastructural changes and the globalization of European modernity in transforming imperial Russia's oldest Muslim community: the Volga-Ural Muslims. Shifting between local, imperial and transregional frameworks, Tuna reveals how the Russian state sought to manage Muslim communities, the ways in which both the state and Muslim society were transformed by European modernity, and the extent to which the long nineteenth century either fused Russia's Muslims and the tsarist state or drew them apart. The book raises questions about imperial governance, diversity, minorities, and Islamic reform, and in doing so proposes a new theoretical model for the study of imperial situations"--