Suchergebnisse

Referring to studies of peasant society and behavior and utilizing information from field research conducted in Turkey, this article examines assumptions national administrators make about rural areas and peasants in the formulation and the implementation of rural development programs. It is observed that national administrators tend to: 1) think of villages in terms of stereotypes which may bear little relationship to those which are targets of policies; 2) treat villages as undifferentiated clusters whereas many programs may produce different consequences for different segments of village society; 3) formulate programs without substantive familiarity w i t h the field; 4) be concerned with only those consequences of policies in which they are interested, whereas others may in fact determine the chances of success or failure of projects; 5) explain failure of peasants to behave in expected directions as being irrational, whereas the lattersl behavior may serve their purposes quite well. It is argued that the modification of these assumptions, which necessitate greater familiarity with peasant thinking, behavior, and the characteristics of village society on the part of administrators, would serve to improve the chance of success of rural development programs.

As an area which lends itself to empirical analysis, political participation has been subject to rigorous attempts at operationalization. In this article, an extension of these efforts is intended. Employing data collected in Kenya, Korea, and Turkey, a ten-item, three-dimensional scale of political participation is developed. The overall structure of the scale closely resembles the findings of Verba, Nie, and Kim—a fact which also lends support to the validity of the scale of political participation developed here. Easy to administer, valid, and reliable, the three-dimensional, ten-item scale provides a potential for cumulative analysis in the subfield of political participation.

Der Autor definiert drei Hauptfaktoren, die die künftige Entwicklung der Beziehungen zwischen der Türkei und der EG bestimmen werden: Fähigkeit der Türkei, die europäischen Erwartungen zu erfüllen; westeuropäische Wirtschaftslage; Konstellation der westlichen Verteidigung. Diese drei Faktoren dienen als Variablen für die Konstruktion sechs verschiedener Szenarien, die zu unterschiedlichen Vorhersagen für die Entwicklung der türkisch-europäischen Beziehungen führen. (DÜI-Hns)