Suchergebnisse

Himanshu Roy, Mahendra Prasad Singh and A.P.S. Chouhan (Eds), State Politics in India. New Delhi: Primus Books, 2017, 919 + xii pp., ₹ 575.

The Constitution of India has vested the President with the role 'to aid and advise' (Article 74) while expecting him/her to use authority and influence under certain circumstances, yet leaving the actual decision-making with the Cabinet. The president may be assertive and use his/her discretion under certain circumstances—in appointment and dismissal of the prime minister, maintaining relationship between prime minister/president and Council of Ministers, exercising right to be informed, dissolution of the parliament, use of veto power, etc. In fact, the equation within the Union Executive depends upon the factional balance of forces in the ruling party or coalition, the political conditions of hung parliament, party splits and naked struggle for power along with the personalities of the principal actors involved. The experiences have showed that the president's role was definitely not that of a mere rubber stamp.

The 'growth and complexity of business transactions' between Australia and New Zealand (NZ) compels reduction of impediments to trans-Tasman trade. This is the impetus for harmonisation of legal systems relating to trade and commerce across the Tasman. Competition, copyright and consumer protection legal regimes play a large role in trade and commerce and thus behove attention to their harmonisation. COMPETITION LAW: In addressing trans-Tasman inconsistencies in competition law, two issues emerge: institutional coordination and discrepancies regarding exclusionary provisions. institutional coordination can be analysed through a two-stage approach, where stage one envisages bodies working towards a common set of guidelines and sharing information gathering resources and, stage two, where the two bodies have joint adjudication and enforcement procedures. Competition regulators and the governments in Australia and New Zealand have received stage one favourably. There are already programs in place for information sharing and staff exchange. Stage two, however, poses problems since it requires integration,to an extent, of he two countries' judicial and enforcement systems. This is an unlikely outcome in the near future due to the political and social importance of competition law and policy in Australia. legislation with respect to exclusionary provisions has been identified as inconsistent cross the Tasman. Exclusionary provisions, also known as boycotts, are essentially agreements between parties not to deal with a third party or to do so conditionally. According o the Australian Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth) any agreement qualifying as an exclusionary provision is illegal, regardless of whether the conduct in question had the purpose, effect or likely effect of substantially lessening competition (i.e.no recourse to a 'competition defence'). The Australian position has been criticised for being excessively restrictive, particularly as the competition defence' is available for exclusionary provisions in NZ. The Australian Trade practices Legislation Amendment Bill (No 1) 2005 proposes to relax current legislation such . hat agreements for the purposes of adjoint venture (only) can avail the competition defence. Any further relaxation is doubtful as the TPLA Bill clarifies the Australian Government's attention on the issue. COPYRIGHT LAW: Divergence between Australia and NZ has been highlighted in the copyright protection for commissioned works and legislative provisions for collecting societies. n Australia the author owns copyright for works created under commission, whereas in NZ copyright is vested within the commissioner.This issue is also significant as the NZ regime qualifies certain works commissioned by the Government (for example legislation, Parliamentary debates, judgments) as being in the 'public domain', consequently no copyright protection is afforded. In Australia such works are protected by Crown copyright. The NZ position appears at odds with its obligations under the Berne Convention, which stipulates copyright ownership for the author, and outdated in comparison to Australia and the United Kingdom (NZ inherited its commissioned works provisions from the 1911 version of the UK Copyright Act). Therefore harmonisation appears justified through an updating of NZ law. The other point of divergence is the treatment of collecting societies. A 'collecting society' is a not-for-profit organisation which licenses or administers use of copyright material on behalf of its members and distributes licence fees collected to those members. Australia provides recognition and provision for these societies through legislation however New Zealand does not. This has meant that collecting societies operating in New Zealand face legal and administrative challenges in instituting licensing schemes for its members for educational copying (use by schools and universities) and government copying. Another inconsistency creating impediments for the functioning of collecting societies across the Tasman is the difference in terms of copyright protection between Australia and New Zealand due to the USA-Australia Free Trade Agreement. To harmonise New Zealand and Australian Copyright law, it appears suited for New Zealand to create statutory provision for collecting societies. Further New Zealand could align its terms of protection with the new term in Australia (since Australia is bound by the US-Australia FTA). CONSUMER PROTECTION LAW: The focus presently is on non-excludable implied warranties in consumer transactions, terms implied into contracts for sale of goods and services, and immune from contractual exclusion. This is an area that is legislated upon, separately, by each of the Australian State and Territory governments and by the Australian Commonwealth at a federal level. The resulting multitude of laws leads to discrepancies within Australia and thus between the different Australian jurisdictions and New Zealand. Practically though costs of trans-Tasman harmonisation outweigh the potential benefits from removal of inconsistencies. However harmonisation within Australia may be considered. MECHANISMS FOR HARMONISATION: Trans-Tasman discrepancies in law can be addressed by unilateral or co-operative harmonisation and common regulatory frameworks. Unilateral harmonisation is the one-sided alleviation of inconsistencies, usually by the adoption of foreign laws or adherence to judicial decisions in a foreign jurisdiction. Bilateral negotiations leading to the establishment of trans-Tasman rules and common regulatory agencies are another mechanism for harmonisation. Common regulatory agencies can be established by intergovernmental treaties, mirror legislation or common rules made by a joint body Cooperative harmonisation can be achieved through joint policy development (TransTasman Working Groups), mutual recognition (Trans-Tasman Mutual Recognition Arrangement) or cooperation between regulators (ACCC and NZCC).

Renewable energy is basically the energy that comes from natural sources such as wind, sunlight, tides, rain, and geothermal heat. Generally renewable energy projects are used on a large scale, however, this does not mean that renewable energy cannot be used in smaller areas such as villages or more generally rural areas. A clear example can be seen in Kenya, where it is estimated that roughly 30,000 small solar power units with a capacity of 20 to 100 watts are sold every year. This is the largest solar ownership rate in the world for residential communities. Even though energy from renewable energy sources is growing rapidly, with markets such as solar cells, wind and bio-diesel experiencing annual double digit growth, the overall share is only expected to increase marginally over the coming decades as the demand for energy also grows rapidly, particularly in many developing countries. In India, the scientific focus is deliberately moving towards transforming coal into clean energy as well as harnessing hydropower. The recent surge in nuclear energy is also diverting focus from the solar energy enhancement. In all probability, the Indian government will support off-grid solar energy production through a decentralized manner. In spite of this, India needs to focus research on solar energy and cheaper photovoltaic to provide affordable energy to all. A fact about Solar Energy Power Houses Installation of 1 kilowatt power system requires the user to possess $10,000 initially, but this can bring many long run benefits.

The present study is an humble attempt in this direction. Thus, the present study attempts to make a comparative study of academic performance of the teachers teaching traditional courses in self-financing colleges and that of the teachers teaching the same courses in Govt. & aided colleges of C.C.S. University, Meerut. The only objective of the paper is to make a comparative study of academic performance of the teachers teaching traditional courses in self-financing colleges and that of the teachers teaching the same courses in Govt. & aided colleges. From the foregoing analysis it can safely be concluded that whether they are girls colleges or co-ed colleges or they are combined together we find that academic performance of the teachers teaching Arts subjects in self-financing colleges and that of the teachers teaching the same subjects in Govt. & aided colleges is almost equal. To be more clear, teachers teaching in self-financing colleges are performing at par with the teachers teaching in Govt. & aided colleges.