Suchergebnisse

Se pretende conocer su desarrollo arquitectónico a lo largo de su historia y se plantea la relación texto-contexto como básica para el estudio de una población con características muy marcadas; el proyecto arquitectónico, decimos, que puede ser sin representación gráfica en el caso de la arquitectura popular; el contexto, propone y edifica un texto y el lugar deviene luego de la construcción de un nuevo lugar, un contexto diferente al anterior, a pesar de esto se produce una continuidad ofrecida por el trabajo tipológico de la arquitectura popular y bruscamente interrumpida por las "discontinuidades", el aparecimiento de nuevas tipologías. ; There are many publications of various types, which mention Cadaqués architecture; those however are in most cases romantic and enthusiastic lectures of his architecture. The matter, the author says, is more complicated, it is produced by a series of interactive relationships between the Cadaqués citizens, the economical and political power, the rules, laws and customs that this power produces, and his architecture is a result of this relationship. In history, the economical development, his macro economy and his system, has periods with maximums and minimums, corresponding with the welfare and crisis moments, opposed them in the time also, in which ones, the architecture that has its own independence and autonomy, lost these qualities or there are not the determinants, the economical ones are the determinants in these moments.These periods called "discontinuities" produce new architectonical types, the collective conscious and unconscious works in the direction of welfare and prosperity, the society in his totality works producing more and better, the economical resources contribute to produce bigger and better architectural objects, those ones, are the new types introduced in Cadaqués, like an example, and those built by sensitive artists could mean critical and avant-garde objects. There are others which have not the same kind of work, their authors do not have the same sensibility, and those ones, inside a continued typological work are easily detectable, the do not understand all the architectonic tradition, and their work can not be considered as well integrated. The architectural education should not forget this matter, the history must be present, and the types can be a way to introduce the students to the historical relationship without forgetting our modern culture, our XXth century belonging, and the future of our civilization, the science and technological progress, without loosing our collective memory, our legacy. ; Postprint (published version)

El autor en una ponencia sustentada en el VI Congreso Nacional de Folklore de Huaraz, Ancash, en 1983, presenta el mito que en este artículo reproducimos.

Se entiende por conceptos fundamentales a aquellos que permiten dar una idea cabal del contenido esencial de vocablos y de instituciones por ellos designados, que constituyen la base y fundamento de todo el tema desarrollado en este breve ensayo.Esto resulta indispensable, si se pretende elevar a un plano científico, lo que hasta ahora representa el tema preferido de quienes opinan y juzgan en materia agraria, sin tener mayores conocimientos acerca de ella, sobretodo en el orden jurídico, y pretenden participar en una polémica surgida con motivo de la Reforma Agraria, para denostarla al sólo efecto de preservar y defender sus intereses, aún a costa de la miseria y del atraso de millones de individuos que soportan el desequilibrio económico de América Latina y que viven propensos a la perturbación política de suma gravedad para la seguridad de los países latinoamericanos.

La presente investigación, tiene como objetivo, establecer la necesidad imperiosa que tienen las Micro, Pequeñas y Medianas Empresas, de realizar la Planeación Financiera como base de sus actividades operativas, con el propósito de que el porcentaje de salida o muerte de las Mipymes, no sea tan elevado en relación al porcentaje de entrada o creación de las Mipymes, ya que en la última década el promedio de mortandad en relación a la creación en los países seleccionados, es del 83.5% (Observatorio Mipymes, 2019). La investigación se realizó mediante el método Cualitativo, descriptivo, consistente en la compilación y análisis de artículos relacionados a la presente investigación en diferentes partes del mundo, como Estados Unidos, Inglaterra, Países Anglo sajones, Turquía y Canadá, que mencionan en sus investigaciones el efecto de la falta de apoyo crediticio para las Mipymes, que ha sido motivado por diferentes factores, entre ellos la falta de credibilidad en la información que poseen, así como la falta de garantías y soporte financiero, provocado según nuestro criterio por la falta de una adecuada Planeación Financiera que les permita establecer objetivos claros y rutas de acción para lograrlos. Con base en los resultados de las investigaciones estudiadas, podemos concluir, que la Planeación Financiera es una herramienta indispensable para el desarrollo y permanencia de las Mipymes que les permita obtener recursos para hacer crecer sus empresas sobre bases realistas y sustentadas.

Abstract This paper describes the behavior of the anaphoric element ta- in Karitiana (Arikém branch, Tupian family) showing that it is a third person anaphor which must be bound (c-commanded and coindexed) by an antecedent in the same sentence. ta- may occur as a possessor clitic attached to a nominal, or as a subject or object clitic attached to a verb. We show with elicited and spontaneous data that the Karitiana anaphor is subject oriented when occurring in embedded environments, being able to refer to the subject of the matrix clause or to the subject of an embedded clause in cases of multiple embedding. We analyze this lexical item as a medium-distance anaphor, following the definition of Reuland and Koster (1991). Logophoric uses of the ta- anaphor are also exemplified and briefly discussed.

In the present article, seeking to recognize the legal capacity of persons with disabilities, we express our conformity with the fact that the legislation reflects the social model contemplated in the International Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, since it contributes to enabling these persons to exercise their rights freely and voluntarily, with the cooperation of supporters. However, the objectives and principles established in the convention have not been adequately established in our legislation, andconsequently, legislative measures have been adopted without prior consideration of our reality. For example, the recognition of the power to make one's own decisions for people with disabilities who lack discernment leads to a series of abuses against them. In fact, this formula recognizes discernment but thus the lack of notion of the reality of these subjects. ; En el presente artículo expresamos nuestro acuerdo con que la legislación, en búsqueda de reconocer la capacidad jurídica de las personas con discapacidad, recoja el modelo social contemplado en la Convención Internacional sobre los Derechos de las Personas con Discapacidad, ya que contribuye a que dichas personas puedan ejercer sus derechos de manera libre y voluntaria, con la cooperación de los apoyos. Sin embargo, los objetivos y principios establecidos en la convención no han sido establecidos adecuadamente ennuestra legislación, por lo que se han adoptado medidas legislativas sin antes contemplar nuestra realidad. Se reconoce, por ejemplo, a los sujetos con discapacidad que carecen de discernimiento y, por lo tanto, se les permite tomar decisiones, pero resulta ilógico que estas personas puedan decidir por sí mismas cuando no tienen noción de la realidad, situación que propicia una serie de abusos de los derechos de estas personas.

El índice Beta representa una herramienta muy valiosa que proporciona el nivel de riesgo que se tiene al seleccionar una cartera de inversión partiendo de un base de referencia cómo pueden ser los rendimientos de los cetes ya que estos son títulos de inversión que no representan riesgos para el inversionista en México y al comparar la varianza y la covarianza de los rendimientos de los títulos seleccionados para invertir, se puede obtener el índice BETA, y en la medida que este índice es más bajo la desviación con el índice de referencia será menor, lo que implica un menor riesgo de obtener los rendimientos esperados, en este trabajo se seleccionaron 15 opciones de inversión en 3 carteras diferentes de diversas empresa listadas en México que pertenecen a diferentes sectores económicos del país y los resultados indican que 2 portafolios muestran resultados negativos y 1 de ellos tienen resultados positivos muy bajos lo que representa una opción de cartera con altas posibilidades de lograr los resultados esperados y en el caso de las carteras con resultados negativos, significa que los resultados serán inversos al movimiento del índice de referencia, sirviendo esta evidencia empírica de base para posibles inversionistas en las empresas y títulos analizados.

This paper explores the existence of a close relationship between organic and pro- cedural reforms to the administration of justice and the economy, insofar as this science analyses the decision-making processes under the consideration of the link between goals and scarce means, giving also special attention to how the impro- vement of the administration of justice fosters economic development. For these e ects, the situation of Chile is analyzed. In this country, since the return to demo- cracy, in the early 1990s, several global reforms to the administration of justice have taken place. Links between the reforms of the administration of justice, the economy and the economic development, in Chile, are found in three di erent stages, namely: (1) in the origin and design of the global reforms to the administration of justice; (2) in the reconstruction of the map of the administration of justice; and (3) in the current situation of the administration of justice, their decisions and pending reforms, mainly the civil justice reform. ; El presente trabajo explora la existencia de una estrecha relación entre las reformas, orgánicas y funcionales, a la Administración Justicia y la Economía, en cuanto ciencia que estudia la toma de decisiones en consideración a la revisión de la relación entre nes y medios escasos susceptibles de usos alternativos1, otorgándose, asimismo, una especial atención a cómo el mejoramiento de la Administración de Justicia impacta el desarrollo económico. Para dichos efectos se analiza la situación de Chile, país en que se advierte, a partir del retorno a la democracia, la emergencia de varias reformas globales a la Admi- nistración de Justicia. Los vínculos entre las reformas a la Administración de Justicia y la Economía y el desarrollo económico, en Chile, se mani estan en tres etapas, a saber: (1) en la gé- nesis y diseño de las reformas globales a la Administración de Justicia; (2) en la reconstrucción del mapa de la Administración de Justicia; y (3) en la situación actual de la Administración de Justicia, sus decisiones y reformas pendientes, en especial la Reforma Procesal Civil. ; O presente trabalho explora a existência de uma estreita relação entre as refor- mas, orgânicas e funcionais, à Administração, Justiça e Economia, como ciência que estuda a tomada de decisões em consideração à revisão da relação entre ns e meios escassos susceptíveis de usos alternativos2, outorgando-se, igualmente, uma especial atenção para como o melhoramento da Administração de Justiça impacta o desenvolvimento económico. Para ditos efeitos analisa-se a situação do Chile, país em que se adverte, a partir do retorno à democracia, a emergência de árias reformas globais à Administração de Justiça. Os vínculos entre as reformas à Administração de Justiça e a Economia e o desenvolvimento econômico, no Chile, manifestam-se em três etapas, a saber: (1) na gênese e desenho das reformas globais à Administração de Justiça; (2) na reconstrução do mapa da Administração de Justiça; e (3) na situação atual da Administração de Justiça, suas decisões e refor- mas pendentes, em especial a Reforma Processual Civil.

In an increasingly competitive world driven by fast changes, where resources are limited and where stakeholders are more and more demanding, societies, from individuals to companies and governments, are challenged to pursue sustainable development. This matter has led to the discussion about how organizations manage to innovate in a way that they meet with the requirements of several stakeholders effectively. Although this topic has increasingly caught the attention of scholars and practitioners, there are still major gaps regarding the best managerial practices that promote innovation within a sustainability-oriented framework. Amongst the most recently discussed practices, researchers have identified a potential opportunity in the way companies manage their systems. Therefore, this thesis aims to contribute to this research gap by relating two managerial practices in pursue of sustainability, namely, an effective way of managing systems and innovation. Management systems (MSs) describe the procedures that organizations use in their operations to meet very specific requirements, including those related to quality, environmental, occupational health and safety, among others. Because each MS addresses the concerns of only a few stakeholders, their contribution to innovation and sustainability is often questioned among literature. As a result, companies might prefer integrating such MSs in a way that they could expand their vision of the different stakeholders. This might allow them to simultaneously save resources, eliminate bureaucracy, and attain innovation more smoothly. The integration of MSs (IMS) might also have the advantage of fostering a balanced priority amongst the goals proposed in each function-specific MS. As a result, companies that adopt IMS might be more prone to pursue corporate sustainability, which dimensions are contained, in a fragmented fashion, in each individual MS. Although researchers have acknowledged IMS as an innovative practice closely related to sustainability, the way in which it ...

El presente trabajo explora la existencia de una estrecha relación entre las reformas, orgánicas y funcionales, a la Administración Justicia y la Economía, en cuanto ciencia que estudia la toma de decisiones en consideración a la revisión de la relación entre nes y medios escasos susceptibles de usos alternativos1, otorgándose, asimismo, una especial atención a cómo el mejoramiento de la Administración de Justicia impacta el desarrollo económico. Para dichos efectos se analiza la situación de Chile, país en que se advierte, a partir del retorno a la democracia, la emergencia de varias reformas globales a la Admi- nistración de Justicia. Los vínculos entre las reformas a la Administración de Justicia y la Economía y el desarrollo económico, en Chile, se mani estan en tres etapas, a saber: (1) en la gé- nesis y diseño de las reformas globales a la Administración de Justicia; (2) en la reconstrucción del mapa de la Administración de Justicia; y (3) en la situación actual de la Administración de Justicia, sus decisiones y reformas pendientes, en especial la Reforma Procesal Civil. ; This paper explores the existence of a close relationship between organic and pro- cedural reforms to the administration of justice and the economy, insofar as this science analyses the decision-making processes under the consideration of the link between goals and scarce means, giving also special attention to how the impro- vement of the administration of justice fosters economic development. For these e ects, the situation of Chile is analyzed. In this country, since the return to demo- cracy, in the early 1990s, several global reforms to the administration of justice have taken place. Links between the reforms of the administration of justice, the economy and the economic development, in Chile, are found in three di erent stages, namely: (1) in the origin and design of the global reforms to the administration of justice; (2) in the reconstruction of the map of the administration of justice; and (3) in the current situation of the administration of justice, their decisions and pending reforms, mainly the civil justice reform. ; O presente trabalho explora a existência de uma estreita relação entre as refor- mas, orgànicas e funcionais, à Administração, Justiça e Economia, como ciência que estuda a tomada de decisões em consideração à revisão da relação entre ns e meios escassos susceptíveis de usos alternativos2, outorgando-se, igualmente, uma especial atenção para como o melhoramento da Administração de Justiça impacta o desenvolvimento económico. Para ditos efeitos analisa-se a situação do Chile, país em que se adverte, a partir do retorno à democracia, a emergência de árias reformas globais à Administração de Justiça. Os vínculos entre as reformas à Administração de Justiça e a Economia e o desenvolvimento econômico, no Chile, manifestam-se em três etapas, a saber: (1) na gênese e desenho das reformas globais à Administração de Justiça; (2) na reconstrução do mapa da Administração de Justiça; e (3) na situação atual da Administração de Justiça, suas decisões e refor- mas pendentes, em especial a Reforma Processual Civil."

[eng] In an increasingly competitive world driven by fast changes, where resources are limited and where stakeholders are more and more demanding, societies, from individuals to companies and governments, are challenged to pursue sustainable development. This matter has led to the discussion about how organizations manage to innovate in a way that they meet with the requirements of several stakeholders effectively. Although this topic has increasingly caught the attention of scholars and practitioners, there are still major gaps regarding the best managerial practices that promote innovation within a sustainability-oriented framework. Amongst the most recently discussed practices, researchers have identified a potential opportunity in the way companies manage their systems. Therefore, this thesis aims to contribute to this research gap by relating two managerial practices in pursue of sustainability, namely, an effective way of managing systems and innovation. Management systems (MSs) describe the procedures that organizations use in their operations to meet very specific requirements, including those related to quality, environmental, occupational health and safety, among others. Because each MS addresses the concerns of only a few stakeholders, their contribution to innovation and sustainability is often questioned among literature. As a result, companies might prefer integrating such MSs in a way that they could expand their vision of the different stakeholders. This might allow them to simultaneously save resources, eliminate bureaucracy, and attain innovation more smoothly. The integration of MSs (IMS) might also have the advantage of fostering a balanced priority amongst the goals proposed in each function-specific MS. As a result, companies that adopt IMS might be more prone to pursue corporate sustainability, which dimensions are contained, in a fragmented fashion, in each individual MS. Although researchers have acknowledged IMS as an innovative practice closely related to sustainability, the way in which it benefits innovation within this context remains one of the major research gaps in this field. This discussion is therefore one of the main topics analyzed in this work. Moreover, in a globalized world dominated by the creation of knowledge and the exploitation of information, companies no longer operate in closed environments or just looking at the world from the inside-out. Instead, companies might choose adopting business models that allow them to be open to collaborations. This might implicate benefits not only in terms of sharing knowledge, but also of gaining new capabilities, being more efficient innovating and creating new ways of profiting such as licensing, patenting, among others. This brief description of one of the most relevant innovation trends in the worldwide context corresponds to the open innovation (OI) business model. The existing research about OI is very extensive and involves a wide range of fields, including its relationship with innovation, organizational and environmental performance. However, researchers are still debating how OI interacts with the inner management systems and how this relationship contributes to corporate sustainability. Therefore, the interaction between OI and IMS is further analyzed throughout this research. Grounded on the existing literature, this thesis develops specific hypothesis regarding the links between IMS, OI and innovation in pursue of sustainability, which are tested empirically in diverse samples obtained from European and Latin-American companies. Based on this evidence, it is found that the challenges to combine harmoniously the requirements of diverse business stakeholders and companies' internal procedures seem to be heeded by IMS. More specifically, companies that attain high levels of IMS might improve their innovation capabilities, innovate more efficiently by using less resources and favor corporate sustainability in terms of economic, environmental and social benefits. Moreover, OI seems to have a relevant role in this context, in particular concerning the new capabilities that it brings to open companies. Finally, this thesis intends to provide practitioners and researchers with new insights to manage diverse MSs and innovate in the challenging pursue of sustainability.