Suchergebnisse

This study was designed to test the designed to test the legitimacy‐conferring hypotheses as it relates to the United States Supreme Court. Conventional wisdom has long asscrted that the Court, in its role as interpreter of the Constitution, is a major force influencing the values and attitudes of Americans. However, little empirical research has been conducted on the issue, and that which has been conducted has been ambiguous. Using a split‐ballot experimental technique, we found support for the legitimacy‐conferring hypothesis among a sample of older Americans from twenty‐two different states across the U. S. We found five of nine proposals to be more strongly endorsed when their attributed source was the Supreme Court rather than the U. S. Congress or when the source was unattributed. A factor analysis of the items was used to discover underlying value‐orientations described by the nine items. An analysis to three derived factors added to our confidence in the legitimacy‐conferring hypothesis.

"Corrections: From Research, to Policy, to Practice offers students a 21st century look into the treatment and rehabilitative themes that drive modern-day corrections. Written by two academic scholars and former practitioners, Mary K. Stohr and Anthony Walsh, this book provides students with a comprehensive and practical understanding of corrections, as well as coverage of often-overlooked topics like ethics, comparative corrections, offender classification and assessment, treatment modalities, and specialty courts. This text expertly weaves together research, policy, and practice, enabling students to walk away with a foundational understanding of effective punishment and treatment strategies for offenders in U.S. correctional institutions"--

part PART I STATEMENTS ON THE BIOSOCIAL PERSPECTIVE -- chapter 1 'Biological Perspectives in Criminology', Criminology, 28, pp. 27–72. -- chapter 2 'Segregation and Stratification: A Biosocial Perspective', Du Bois Review, 1, pp. 7–25. -- chapter 3 'Adolescence-Limited and Life-Course-Persistent Antisocial Behavior: A Developmental Taxonomy', Psychological Review, 100, pp. 674–701. -- chapter 4 'Behavior Genetics and Anomie/Strain Theory', Criminology, 38, pp. 1075–107. -- chapter 5 'H.J. Eysenck in Fagin's Kitchen: The Return to Biological Theory in 20th-Century Criminology', History of Human Sciences, 19, pp. 37–56. -- part PART II GENETICS AND CRIME -- chapter 6 'Behavior Genetics of Aggression in Children: Review and Future Directions', Developmental Review, 22, pp. 593–622. -- chapter 7 'The New Look of Behavioral Genetics in Developmental Psychopathology: Gene–Environment Interplay in Antisocial Behaviors', Psychological Bulletin, 131, pp. 533–54. -- chapter 8 'Role of Genotype in the Cycle of Violence in Maltreated Children', Science, 297, pp. 851–54. -- chapter 9 'The Integration of Genetic Propensities into Social-Control Models of Delinquency and Violence among Male Youths', American Sociological Review, 73, pp. 543–68. -- chapter 10 'The Interaction Between Genetic Risk and Childhood Sexual Abuse in the Prediction of Adolescent Violent Behavior', Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 20, pp. 426–13. -- chapter 11 'Sources of Exposure to Smoking and Drinking Friends Among Adolescents: A Behavioral–Genetic Evaluation', Journal of Genetic Psychology, 166, pp. 153–69. -- part PART III EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY AND CRIME -- chapter 12 'Gene-Based Evolutionary Theories in Criminology', Criminology, 35, pp. 229–76. -- chapter 13 'Self Control, Social Control and Evolutionary Psychology: Towards an Integrated Perspective on Crime', Canadian Journal of Criminology, 39, pp. 403–31. -- chapter 14 'A Gene-Based Evolutionary Explanation for the Association between Criminal Involvement and Number of Sex Partners', Biodemography and Social Biology, 54, pp. 47–55. -- chapter 15 'Women and Crime: An Evolutionary Approach', Aggression and Violent Behavior, 6, pp. 481–97. -- chapter 16 'Why Men Commit Crimes (And Why They Desist)', Sociological Theory, 18, pp. 434–17. -- part PART IV NEUROSCIENCE AND CRIME -- chapter 17 'Neuroanatomical Background to Understanding the Brain of the Young Psychopath', Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law, 3, pp. 340–67. -- chapter 18 'The Roles of Orbital Frontal Cortex in the Modulation of Antisocial Behavior', Brain and Cognition, 55, pp. 198–208. -- chapter 19 'A Social Neuroscience Perspective on Adolescent Risk-Taking', Developmental Review, 28, pp. 78–106. -- chapter 20 'Brain Abnormalities in Murderers Indicated by Positron Emission Tomography', Biological Psychiatry, 42, pp. 495–508. -- chapter 21 'Reduced Prefrontal and Increased Subcortical Brain Functioning Assessed Using Positron Emission Tomography in Predatory and Affective Murderers', Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 16, pp. 319–32.

In response to exciting developments in genetics, neuroscience and evolutionary psychology, a number of criminologists have embraced the position that criminal behaviour is the product of biological, psychological, and sociological factors operating together in complex ways. They have come to realize that if they are to capture the dynamic nature of criminal behaviour then they must span multiple levels of analysis and thus multiple disciplines. The explosion of interest in this field of biosocial criminology over the past ten years means that the time is ripe for this research companion aimed at graduate students and scholars, giving them an essential overview of the current state of research in the field.

This book is designed to bring criminology into the 21 st century by showing how leading criminologists have integrated aspects of the biological sciences into their discipline. These authors cover behavior and molecular genetics, epigenetics, evolutionary biology, and neuroscience, and apply them to various correlates of crime such as age, race, and gender. There are also chapters on substance abuse, psychopathy, career criminals, testosterone and treatment. While not trashing traditional ideas about these topics, the authors of these chapters show how biosocial concepts add to, complement, a

This study explores the role of social support on blood pressure levels among a sample of immigrants. The measure of blood pressure used is biological effective blood pressure, a mathematically transformed single measure derived from systolic and diastolic readings. The twin processes of immigration and assimilation are highly stressful. Stress is a major precursor of elevated blood pressure. It is assumed here that assimilation is differentially stressful according to the amount of social support one receives. Protracted stress will be manifested in elevated blood pressure levels. We found that social support was second only to age in its ability to account independently for variance in blood pressure levels. Immigrants receiving high levels of social support had significantly lower blood pressure levels than those receiving less social support. Social support was also significantly related to assimilation.