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The concepts of entropy and of information are increasingly used in spatial analysis. This paper analyses these ideas in order to show how measures of spatial distributions may be constructed from them. First, the information content of messages is examined and related to the notion of uncertainty. Then three information measures, due to Shannon, Brillouin, and Good, are derived and shown to be appropriate in analysing different spatial problems; in particular, the Shannon and Brillouin measures are extensively compared and the effects of sample size on them are investigated. The paper also develops appropriate multivariate analogues of the information measures. Finally, some comments are made on the relations between the concepts of entropy, information, and order.

Black male college athletes historically have endured racial mistreatment, particularly at Predominantly White Institutions (PWIs). Yet research examining how these athletes, particularly football players in Power Five conferences, experience such mistreatments and the effects they have on their psychological health and well-being has been sparse. Thus, we interviewed 13 current Black male college football players to document their experiences. Through reflexive thematic analysis, we determined that the athletes (a) believed that football defined and limited them, (b) felt misunderstood and isolated on campus, (b) were dehumanized and criminalized, and (d) were physically and psychologically exhausted from chronic racial mistreatments. There remains a clear need for clinical, policy, and systemic changes to support the mental health needs of Black male college athletes.

The place of childhood in popular culture is one that invites new readings both on childhood itself, but also on approaches to studying childhood. In our focus on methods of researching children's popular culture, we argue that the interplay of the age of the players, the status of their popular culture, the ephemerality of the objects, and indeed the ephemerality - and long lastingness - of childhood, all contribute to what could be regarded as a particularized space for childhood studies - and one that challenges many of the conventions of "doing research" involving children. At the heart of Researching Children's Popular Culture is the idea of children's popular culture as a research site made up of a number of research spaces. The book starts out by examining the political space of children's popular culture in the context of its low status and ephemerality.; It then moves on to consider various ethnographic and textual approaches to researching children, childhood and popular culture: memory spaces which explore the place of the of children's popular culture in adult memory, visual spaces and the gaze of the child as visual ethnographer; physical spaces and children's bedrooms as cultural texts, virtual spaces which look at approaches to studying children's websites and the internet as a new space within which to explore childhood and popular culture; and finally historical spaces which provide a retrospective view of the fashion doll and doll play as a context for deciphering Barbie's place in present day girls' popular culture. Overall, Researching Children's Popular Culture can be read as a book on research methodology with particular attention to biographical approaches. It also contributes to the emerging body of scholarship on the new social studies of childhood within Age Studies

Conforming to masculine norms can lead to depression and anxiety in men. Athletic identity may affect conformity to masculine norms, specifically in college football players. This study explored the relationships among conformity to masculine norms, athletic identity, life satisfaction, and psychological well-being in 110 male college football players. The main findings convey as football players' conformity to masculine norms increase, their athletic identity increases while their personal growth, life satisfaction and positive relationships decrease. This was specifically true for the areas of conformity to norms related to sexual relationships, winning, and emotional control/expression; as conformity scores to these norms increased, experiences with positive relationships and personal growth decreased. Furthermore, athletes who played football longer and older were less likely to conform to the norms around emotional control, than athletes with less football experience or younger in age. No group differences were found.

Cover -- Half-Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Part I The New Equality Agenda -- 1 New Challenges to an Unequal World -- An unequal world -- Responses to inequality -- Equality Studies as a response to inequality -- Guide to the rest of this book -- 2 Dimensions of Equality: A Framework for Theory and Action -- The idea of equality -- Basic equality -- Liberal egalitarianism -- Equality of condition -- Applying the framework to social groups -- 3 The Centrality of Equality: Equality and Other Values -- Aspects of equality -- Freedom and equality -- Equality, solidarity and community -- Equality and the environment -- Genuine conflicts between equality and other values -- 4 Contexts of Egalitarian Change: Social Systems and Social Groups -- Social systems within which inequality is generated -- Interactions between the key systems -- Locating the generative causes of inequality across social groups -- Implications for policy and politics -- Part II Putting Equality into Practice -- 5 Towards Economic Equality -- Economic inequality: a glance -- Economic perspectives on equality -- Economic inequality and economic growth: theory and evidence -- The equality-efficiency trade-off: theory and evidence -- Routes to greater economic equality -- 6 The Challenge of Participatory Democracy -- Basic principles -- Participatory democracy -- Obstacles to participatory democracy -- Overcoming the intrinsic obstacles -- Overcoming the transitional obstacles -- 7 Equality, the Legal System and Employment Law -- How the legal system reinforces inequality -- Making the system more egalitarian -- Workplace anti-discrimination laws -- Towards equality of condition in employment -- 8 Equality and Education -- Why equality in education matters -- Four major equality problems in education.

During administration of a computer network survey of oceanographers, additional persons spontaneously asked to participate. Using comparisons of the random sample with the self-selected group, sought to understand this motivated responding and the biases entailed. Motivation to respond or self-select seems due partly to ease of response and partly to a desire to give voice. (Abstract amended)