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Tavistock Press was established as a co-operative venture between the Tavistock Institute and Routledge & Kegan Paul (RKP) in the 1950s to produce a series of major contributions across the social sciences. This volume is part of a 2001 reissue of a selection of those important works which have since gone out of print, or are difficult to locate. Published by Routledge, 112 volumes in total are being brought together under the name The International Behavioural and Social Sciences Library: Classics from the Tavistock Press. Reproduced here in facsimile, this volume was originally published in

Papers presented at the 88th annual meeting of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, held in Philadelphia, Apr. 26-27, 1985; including the text of question and answer sessions. Partial contents: U.S. policy and the Arab-Israeli conflict: observations on the current scene, by Philip H. Stoddard; Elections and legitimacy in the Middle East, by Dankwart A. Rustow.

The record of executions in the United States has long shown that black defendants are disproportionately subjected to this sanction. But racial differentials in the use of the death penalty may not alone reveal the existence of racial discrimination. The Supreme Court in the Furman decision ruled that the death penalty is unconstitutional because it is a "cruel and unusual" punishment. Some allusions to racial discrimination appeared in the opinions, but more evidence seems called for. Some earlier studies of racial differentials in sentencing are reviewed, followed by a summary of the research procedure and conclusions from an elaborate study of sentencing for rape in states where that offense has been a capital crime. Strong statistically significant differences in the proportions of blacks sentenced to death, compared to whites, when a variety of nonracial aggravating circumstances are considered, permit the conclusion that the sentencing differentials are the product of racial discrimination.

The record of executions in the US has long shown that black defendants are disproportionately subjected to this sanction. But racial diff'ials in the use of the death penalty may not alone reveal the existence of racial discrimination. The Supreme Court in the Furman dicision ruled that the death penalty is unconstitutional because it is a "cruel & unusual" punishment. Some allusions to racial discrimination appeared in the opinions, but more evidence seems called for. Some earlier studies of racial diff'ials in sentencing are reviewed, followed by a summary of the res procedure & conclusions from an elaborate study of sentencing for rape in states where that offense has been a capital crime. Strong statistically signif diff's in the proportions of blacks sentenced to death, compared to whites, when a variety of nonracial aggravating circumstances are considered, permit the conclusion that the sentencing diff'ials are the product of racial discrimination. HA.

The possibility of utilizing an interdisciplinary team of operations analysts, frequently working with mathematical techniques rarely employed in criminology, to improve the operations of various crime control activities, is suggested. Procedures for translating typical criminological concerns into more rigorous manipulatable models are presented. Specifically, various applications of mathematical modelling, mathematical programming, game theory, Markov process theory & queing to problems of causality, police operations, courts, treatment & recidivism are explored. It is pointed out that the several mathematical techniques may be used to advantage not only in criminology, but frequently the questions which would be raised in the course of such study would be of broad sociol'al interest. AA.