Suchergebnisse

Chinese media has been controlled by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) as a political tool after the People's Republic of China (PRC) was formed in 1949. There are two types of media: print media and broadcast media at that time. The communication purpose of media was merely the mouthpiece for propaganda and agitation under media centralization. However this practice of control started to change under the economic reform and severaI social changes in 1978, which is known as the 'Golden Decade' in Chinese media history. Media focused on the commercial means and television is introduced. ; Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti'nin 1949'da kurulmasından sonra Çin medyası Çin Komünist Partisi (ÇKP) tarafından siyasi bir araç olarak kontrol edilmiştir, Bu donemde iki medya türü vardır: basılı medya, radyo ve televizyon. Yine bu dönemde, medyanın iIetişim amacı, sadece medya merkezileşmesi altındaki propaganda ve kışkırtma olmuştur. Bununla birlikte, bu kontrol uygulaması 1978'de yaşanmaya başlayan ekonomik reform ve çeşitli toplumsal değişimler altında medya tarihinde 'Altın Yıllar' olarak bilinen dönem sonrasında değişmeye başlamıştır. Medya, özellikle televizyon ticarileşmeye başlamıştır. Bugüne kadar medya devlet tekeline alınmamış, hatta daha da ticarileştirilmiştir.

With the extensive development of remanufacturing, remanufacturing trade, as an essential part of it, has also attracted much attention from researchers. Quite a large number of studies related to remanufacturing trade, such as pricing, sales, competition, channel expansion and service strategy, have been published in various journals. This paper aims to focus on the research status on remanufacturing trade through bibliometric analysis that can provide the primary research trends and the future research hotspots by analyzing the progress, parties and themes of the research. In this paper, the review and analysis are conducted on over 121 articles from 2000 until July 2021 with the help of VOS viewer (Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands) and Citespace (Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA). The results of the analysis of research progress and research parties suggest that: (a) more and more researchers have started to pay attention to consumers during modeling; (b) sustainable/green aspects are frequently taken into account as a factor, but the sustainable/green standards for remanufacturing trade need to be further developed; (c) studies on remanufacturing trade are more abundant in heavy industry countries. Additionally, the hotspots for future research are identified via the theme analysis, including: (1) with the issuing of various government policies, the impact of these policies on decisions related to remanufacturing trade has been studied gradually and is expected to become a hot topic in the future; (2) a large number of papers conduct research on the basis of the supply chain of remanufactured products; (3) research on the online distribution channel has already been carried out and is constantly deepening; (4) the digital technology is increasingly introduced to remanufacturing trade in recent years.

Agricultural non-point source pollution (ANSP) has become one of the main sources of pollution in water source areas. An effective solution to this problem is the use of ecological compensation to encourage rural households to adopt agricultural pollution control measures. This study aims to answer two questions: How much compensation should be given to encourage rural households in water source areas to participate in ANSP control? What factors will influence their participation? In this study, paddy rice planting in water source area has been used as an example aiming to answer these questions. This study used the random parameter logit (RPL) model with survey data from 632 rural households in the Qinba water source area to empirically analyze rural households&rsquo ; willingness to accept compensation for ANSP control and the influencing factors of this willingness. From this information, the compensation standards for ANSP control in a water source area were calculated. The results show that (1) compensation had a significant incentive effect on rural households&rsquo ; willingness to control ANSP. The marginal compensation standard for reducing the use of fertilizer and pesticide was $3.40/ha and $2.00/ha, respectively. The compensation standard for not applying chemical fertilizer and pesticide at all was $540.23/ha. (2) There was heterogeneity in rural households&rsquo ; preference for ANSP control compensation policies. Rural households characterized by younger residents, higher family income, higher perception of the ecological benefits, and higher perception of government policy were more willing to participate in the compensation policy. It is suggested that rural households showed a strong preference for ANSP control policies by considering both of their economic losses and ecological benefits. Our study contributes to the literature by enriching the evaluation method in providing references for the compensation of ANSP control policies

Objectives. We developed a content review for state policies related to childhood obesity, and we have quantitatively described the predictors of enactment.