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PurposeThe purpose of this study is to develop a better understanding of how relational embeddedness offers marketing channel partners both benefits and hazards. The nonlinear effect of relational embeddedness on channel opportunism is investigated. Influence strategies (i.e. coercive and noncoercive influence) are also examined as mediators of this nonlinear effect.Design/methodology/approachSurvey data are gathered from a sample of 149 manufacturers in China. The hypotheses are tested through regression analysis.FindingsThe results support the hypothesis that relational embeddedness has a U-shaped effect on opportunism, and that this relationship can be mediated through noncoercive influence strategies. The results also indicate that coercive influence has an inverted U-shaped effect and noncoercive influence has a U-shaped effect on opportunism.Research limitations/implicationsThis research serves as a launching point for further investigations into the "black box" of the double-edged effects of relational embeddedness. Other channel behavior constructs can be explored in future studies.Practical implicationsFirms should be aware of the benefits and pitfalls associated with relational embeddedness in marketing channels. They should be alert to using influence strategies when managing channel opportunism.Originality/valueThis study addresses the dilemma of embeddedness in marketing channel relationships and reveals its causes and mechanisms by exploring the mediating effects of influence strategies.

There is continuing debate over the effect of homophily, which is the tendency for individuals to socialize with similar people, on behavior diffusion. We aimed to clarify this relationship from a social network perspective, using the agent-based modeling approach. The results demonstrate
that homophily promoted the diffusion of behaviors that people had a strong propensity to adopt, but had a prohibitive effect when the adoption propensity was weak. When the adoption propensity was moderate, the effect was promotive at first and then became prohibitive. Moreover, we identified
3 types of homophily—status, value, and mixed (status–value)—and found that mixed homophily was most effective for behavior diffusion, followed by value homophily and then status homophily. These findings highlight the importance of behavior classes and homophily type in
the relationship between homophily and behavior diffusion, and call for a serious consideration of both factors when empirically studying the related issues.

Abstract

Objectives
Existing evidence from high-income countries suggests that policies aimed at enhancing access to formal care can reduce the burden on informal carers and facilitate their reentry into the labor market. However, there is limited evidence regarding the specific carers who have been most affected by such insurance. This study focuses on China's long-term care insurance (LTCI) and examines its effects on informal care burden and the labor market participation of different types of informal carers.


Methods
Drawing data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study of 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2018, we employ a staggered difference-in-differences (DID) model with propensity score matching to analyze the impact of LTCI. To explore time-varying DID estimates, we adopted the DID event study design.


Results
Our study demonstrates that LTCI substantially alleviates the burden on informal carers while markedly boosting labor market participation. Notably, we found a more pronounced decrease in care burden among spouses, amounting to a reduction of 8.5 hr per month. Concurrently, LTCI's impact on enhancing labor market participation was more significant among younger household members, reflected in an average income increase of 4,534 yuan per year. Furthermore, subgroup analysis highlights that LTCI primarily benefits informal carers providing care for older people with low income or those who were farmers or previously engaged in informal sectors.


Discussion
Our study demonstrates that LTCI has led to a reduction in care burdens and an enhancement in labor market participation. The impact is especially pronounced for informal carers of older people with low income or those with backgrounds in farming or informal work sectors.